Lesson #40: Temperaments – Choleric Temperament – Their Spiritual Combat Part V

Philosophy Notes

Catholic Candle note: The article immediately below is part five of the study of the Choleric temperament.  The first four parts can be found here:

1.    Mary’s School of Sanctity – Lesson #36:  About the Temperaments – Beginning our Study of the Choleric Temperament: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/08/27/lesson-35-about-the-temperaments-the-choleric-temperament/

2.    Mary’s School of Sanctity – Lesson #37: About the Temperaments – Continuing Our Study of the Choleric Temperament: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/09/26/lesson-37-about-the-temperaments-continuation-of-the-choleric-temperament/

3.    Mary’s School of Sanctity – Lesson #38 — About the Temperaments – Continuing our Study of the Choleric Temperament – Their Spiritual Combat: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/10/24/lesson-38-temperaments-choleric-temperament-their-spiritual-combat/

4.    Mary’s School of Sanctity – Lesson #39 About the Temperaments – Continuing Our Study of the Choleric Temperament – That Temperament’s Spiritual Combat – Part IV: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/11/26/lesson-39-temperaments-choleric-temperament-their-spiritual-combat-part-iv/


Mary’s School of Sanctity

Lesson #40 About the Temperaments – Continuing Our Study the Choleric Temperament: Their Spiritual Combat – Part V

Note: When referring to a person with a choleric temperament in this article we simply will label him as a choleric.

In our last lesson we explained in general the passion of anger.  We saw that anger is caused by a concurrence of several passions so that anger involves a hope of vengeance (whether just or unjust).  We included the following lists of points which will need to be discussed in order to better understand anger as a passion and to see how crucial it is for anyone to be well aware of the proper use of anger.   

·         What does anger do and how does it move the soul to action?

 

·         What role does reason play in the use of anger?

·         How does justice fit in with the use of anger?

·         If anger can be unjust, and if can lead to many dangers; what are these possible dangers?

·         How should one fight his feelings of unjust anger?

Because cholerics are very prone to anger, they have a special need for caution regarding their anger.  Hence, it is so important that they have a good comprehension of the passion of anger.

So let us begin by giving some background information on anger and how it works in the soul.

What motivates anger?

St. Thomas Aquinas explains that anger arises in connection with something we suffer or that we perceive that we suffer. Here is his explanation:

Anger is the desire to hurt another for the purpose of just vengeance.  However, unless some injury has been done, there is no question of vengeance; nor does any injury provoke one to vengeance, but only that which is done to the person who seeks vengeance; for just as everything naturally seeks its own good, so does it [everything] naturally repel its own evil. But injury done by anyone does not affect a man unless in some way it be something done against him.  Consequently, the motive of a man’s anger is always something done against him.[1]

This anger as a result of something done to us can include something done to others as St. Thomas shows here:

If we are angry with those who harm others, and seek to be avenged on them, it is because those who are injured belong in some way to us: either by some kinship or friendship, or at least because of the nature we have in common.[2]

In addition to harm done to ourselves and/or others, we can also take offense if something we love is despised by another, as St. Thomas explains here:

When we take a very great interest in a thing, we look upon it as our own good; so that if anyone despise it, it seems as though we ourselves were despised and injured.[3]

St. Thomas also tells us about a concept that seems paradoxical but is nonetheless true.  He puts forth the objection as follows and then answers it:

Objection #4: Further, he that holds his tongue when another insults him, provokes him to greater anger, as Chrysostom observes (Hom. xxii, in Ep. ad Rom.)[4]. But by holding his tongue he does the other no harm.  Therefore, a man is not always provoked to anger by something done against him.

Reply #4: Silence provokes the insulter to anger when he thinks it is due to contempt, as though his anger were slighted and a slight is an action.[5]

Of course, when we are insulted, Our Lord would not want us to retaliate but to imitate Him by being meek.  He was insulted many times and did not open His Mouth.  So if someone takes offense because we silently take an insult, we need not worry about that person’s attitude.  We have an obligation to set a good example whether other people like it or not.

St. Thomas explains how the main cause of anger is someone slighting us or showing us contempt.  He quotes Aristotle saying that anger is “a desire, with sorrow, for vengeance, on account of a seeming slight done unbecomingly.[6]

 St. Thomas explains being slighted as a motivation for anger as follows:

All the causes of anger are reduced to slight. For slight is of three kinds, as stated in [Aristotle’s work] Rhetoric Bk.2; ch.2, #1378a31 viz., contempt,   despiteful treatment, i.e., hindering one from doing one’s will, and insolence; and all motives of anger are reduced to these three.  Two reasons may be assigned for this.  First, because anger seeks another’s hurt as being a means of just vengeance, wherefore it seeks vengeance in so far as it seems just.  However, just vengeance is taken only for that which is done unjustly; hence, that which provokes anger is always something considered in the light of an injustice.

Wherefore the Philosopher says (Rhetoric Bk.2, ch. 3 #1380b16) that men are not angry if they think they have wronged someone and are suffering justly on that account; because there is no anger at what is just.  However, injury is done to another in three ways: namely, through ignorance, through passion, and through choice.  Then, most of all, a man does an injustice, when he does an injury from choice, on purpose, or from deliberate malice, as stated in Ethics Bk. 5, ch. 8 #1135b24 &1136a4.  Wherefore we are most of all angry with those who, in our opinion, have hurt us on purpose.  For if we think that someone has done us an injury through ignorance or through passion, either we are not angry with them at all, or very much less, since to do anything through ignorance or through passion takes away from the notion of injury, and to a certain extent calls for mercy and forgiveness.  Those, on the other hand, who commit an injury on purpose, seem to sin from contempt; wherefore we are angry with them most of all.  Hence, the Philosopher says (Rhetoric Bk.2, ch. 3 #1380a34) that we are either not angry at all, or not very angry with those who have acted through anger, because they do not seem to have acted slightingly.

The second reason is because a slight is opposed to a man’s excellence because men think little of things that are not worth much ado (Rhetoric Bk. 2, ch. 2 #1378b13). However, we seek for some kind of excellence from all our goods.  Consequently whatever injury is inflicted on us, in so far as it is derogatory to our excellence, seems to savor of a slight.[7]

St. Thomas tells us about various forms of being slighted, such as, being forgotten by others; that others should rejoice in our misfortunes; that they [others] should make known our evils; being hindered from doing as we like. He explains these in details as follows:

Each of those causes amounts to some kind of slight.  Thus, forgetfulness is a clear sign of slight esteem, for the more we think of a thing the more is it fixed in our memory.  Again, if a man does not hesitate by his remarks to give pain to another, this seems to show that he thinks little of him: and those too who show signs of hilarity when another is in misfortune, seem to care little about his good or evil.  Again, he that hinders another from carrying out his will, without deriving thereby any profit to himself, seems not to care much for his friendship. Consequently, all those things, in so far as they are signs of contempt, provoke anger.[8]

St. Thomas continues his treatment of the causes of anger still further in this section of the Summa.  One additional note we need to take from St. Thomas is his comment on the fact that, when a man excels in some aspect, e.g., he is wealthy or wise, he can be angered easily.  The reason he gives for this is:

However, it is evident that the more excellent a man is, the more unjust is a slight offered him in the matter in which he excels.  Consequently, those who excel in any matter, are most of all angry, if they be slighted in that matter; for instance, a wealthy man in his riches, or an orator in his eloquence, and so forth.[9]

On the other hand, St. Thomas explains that those who suffer from a lack of excellence in some way also become easily angered.  His comment follows:

Secondly, the cause of anger, in the man who is angry, may be considered on the part of the disposition produced in him by the motive aforesaid. However, it is evident that nothing moves a man to anger except a hurt that grieves him, while whatever savors of defect is above all a cause of grief since men who suffer from some defect are more easily hurt.  And this is why men who are weak, or subject to some other defect, are more easily angered, since they are more easily grieved.[10]

There is a connection we should briefly mention here between anger and humility.   One’s excellence – real or perceived – must be accompanied by humility.  Otherwise, a person would be greatly tempted to think he is better than he really is and he would fall into anger if others do not recognize his excellence.  Likewise, if someone has a defect which he could make efforts to overcome and he does not try to improve, he could also fall into anger if anyone attributes his defects to his refusal to make the necessary efforts.

A Preview…

In our next lesson we will look more at what anger does to the body and the role that reason plays in anger.



[1]           Summa Theologica, Ia IIae, Q.47, a.1, Respondeo (bracketed word added for clarification).

[2]           Summa Theologica, Ia IIae, Q.47, a.1 ad 2.

[3]           Summa Theologica , Ia IIae, Q.47, a. 1, ad 3.

[4]           This citation refers  St. John Chrysostom in his Homily 22 for St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans

[5]           Summa Theologica , Ia IIae, Q.47, a.1, ad 4.

 

[6]           Quote taken from Aristotle’s Rhetoric Book 2, chapter 2, #1378a31.

[7]           Summa Theologica , Ia IIae, Q.47, a.2, Respondeo.

[8]           Summa Theologica , Ia IIae, Q.47, a.2, ad 3.

[9]           Summa Theologica , Ia IIae, Q.47, a.3, Respondeo.

[10]         Summa Theologica , Ia IIae, Q.47, a.3, Respondeo.

In case you missed it — December 2024

The Leftists’ Anti-Resiliency Program

In the past, Catholic Candle has shown how the Catholic Faith and the Catholic life of virtue make a person strong in character and resilient in addressing the “slings and arrows of outrageous fortune”[1] which are a normal part of every life.

In contrast to these blessed effects when a man lives the way God wants him to live, the Marxists and leftists are trying to weaken everyone and to destroy personal resilience in society.  Read, e.g., this article: The Leftist Attack on Personal Resilience, found here: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/01/10/the-leftist-attack-on-personal-resilience/

A further, recent example of this comes from the large leftist British newspaper, The Guardian, which offered “confidential, impartial, professional counseling” to its employees who feel anxious or distraught because Trump won the recent presidential election in the United States.[2]

Truly, the leftists are a fragile “bunch”!  Can you imagine conservatives needing professional counseling because they were anxious or distraught because Kamala Harris was elected?  It would not happen because conservatives are not so frail. 

This should show even the leftists themselves that there must be something wrong with their ideology that it makes them so prone to being “triggered” and turns them into weaklings who are unable to cope with life without being coddled and treated by professional “counselors”.

 

Words to Live by – from Catholic Tradition

 

The Mystical Doctor of the Catholic Church reminds us that God Protects Us during the Darkness of our Times.

 

Words of St. John of the Cross:

 

Live in Faith and Hope even though you are in darkness, because it is in these darknesses that God protects your soul.  Cast your care upon God, for He watches over you and will not forget you.  Do not think that He leaves you alone; that would be an affront to Him.

 

St. John of the Cross in a letter to a Discalced Carmelite nun shortly before Pentecost, 1590.

 

 

The Duties and Role that God has given Men

Catholic Candle note: This is a “companion” article to these two articles:

  The one regarding men being more blamable than women or children for the ongoing destruction in civil society and in the human element of the Catholic Church.  That other article is entitled: The Crisis in Society is Caused by Unmanly Men, and can be found here: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/07/22/the-crisis-in-society-is-caused-by-unmanly-men/

  The article entitled: The False Principle of “Diversity and Inclusion”: https://catholiccandle.org/2022/01/05/the-false-principle-of-diversity-and-inclusion/

God created man to lead his family and society.  He created the all-male clergy to lead the Church.  But in all of those contexts, God gave this role and authority to man for the good of his family, society, and the Church, not merely to enable a man to fulfill his own selfish desires.  St. Paul puts this same duty as follows:

We that are stronger, ought to bear the infirmities of the weak.

Romans, 15:1.

From this principle (which is a commandment) springs the unselfish gentlemanliness of a good man towards his family and also, secondarily, towards all women, children, and all those in need.

St. Paul explains how this true manliness is practiced in marriage, when he compares the husband to Christ Himself: 

The husband is the head of the wife, as Christ is the head of the

Church.

Ephesians, 5:23. 

We know that Christ has loved us and gave everything for our sake:

Walk in love, as Christ also hath loved us, and hath delivered Himself for us, an oblation and a sacrifice to God for an odor of sweetness.

Ephesians, 5:2. 

Thus, a man must be Christ-like and be an oblation and a sacrifice first of all, for God, then for his wife and children.  But after that, he must be a gentleman and be chivalrous for all women, children, and all those in need because:

We that are stronger, ought to bear the infirmities of the weak.

Romans, 15:1.

A man’s sacrificial love must extend to a man “delivering himself up for” his wife especially, in order to sanctify his wife, as St. Paul makes clear:

Husbands, love your wives, as Christ also loved the church, and delivered Himself up for it; that He might sanctify it, cleansing it by the laver of water in the word of life.

Ephesians, 5:25-6. 

This shows that man must be a spiritual director of his wife.[1]  But this also shows that a man must have Christ’s spirit of self-sacrifice and this is eminently honorable, magnanimous, and manly.


Fatherhood and Manhood

Fatherhood and manhood are so intertwined that they are virtually inseparable.  This is like the inextricable connection between womanhood and motherhood.[2]  A man who is not called to be the father to children in his own family, is still called to be a father in other ways, e.g., a priest, who is the spiritual father of a parish.  There are also many other ways a man is called to be a father, a protector, an advisor, and a guide, such as an employer should be a father to his employees.[3]

So, fatherhood (patriarchy) is simply men fulfilling the role for which God created them and which role is His Will for them.  Here is how anti-feminist author, Mrs. Donna Steichen, stated this truth of Nature and of the Catholic Faith:

The term patriarchy refers to the male-headed family form and social system expressed in Scripture and existing everywhere in human society.  In the Church, it is a title referring to bishops who rank just below the Pope in jurisdiction, though Catholic feminists use the word to mean the male priesthood and the entire male hierarchy.  In all cases, it is properly an office, not a declaration of qualitative superiority.[4]


St. Athanasius, a Model of Fatherhood

We see this fatherhood in the life and work of the great St. Athanasius, Doctor of the Church, in his care for his flock.  Look at his fatherly solicitude for his flock in the letter below, written during the persecutions they suffered:

Letter of St. Athanasius to his flock

May God console you! …  What saddens you … is the fact that others have occupied the churches by violence, while during this time you are on the outside. It is a fact that they have the premises – but you have the apostolic Faith. They can occupy our churches, but they are outside the true Faith.  You remain outside the places of worship, but the Faith dwells within you.  Let us consider: what is more important, the place or the Faith?  The true Faith, obviously.  Who has lost and who has won in this struggle – the one who keeps the premises or the one who keeps the Faith?

True, the premises are good when the apostolic Faith is preached there; they are holy if everything takes place there in a holy way. …  You are the ones who are happy: you who remain within the church by your faith, who hold firmly to the foundations of the Faith which has come down to you from apostolic Tradition.  And if an execrable jealousy has tried to shake it on a number of occasions, it has not succeeded.  They are the ones who have broken away from it in the present crisis.

No one, ever, will prevail against your faith, beloved brothers.  And we believe that God will give us our churches back some day.

Thus, the more violently they try to occupy the places of worship, the more they separate themselves from the Church.  They claim that they represent the Church; but in reality, they are the ones who are expelling themselves from it and going astray.

Even if Catholics faithful to Tradition are reduced to a handful, they are the ones who are the true Church of Jesus Christ.

The Selfless Duty of a Man Corresponds to the Duty of Obedience of Those under His Care.

We saw above that God made man to be the leader of his family and made man to lead society and the Church.  Along with this God-given role, God made man with the obligation to unselfishly fulfill his role for the good of those under his care.  This is the natural and supernatural source of the gentlemanliness and fatherliness that God intends to be part of manhood and to be exercised by men everywhere.

So just as God made parents to be wiser than the children whom they are raising and to be well-suited for directing their children, so God gave parents the corresponding duty to selflessly raise those children and to govern their children for the good of those children, rather than for any selfish advantage of the parents.

Because God made the father and the mother wiser and well-suited to direct their children, He declared that children have the corresponding obligation to the parents to be subject to them.  Thus, God commands children:

Honor thy father and thy mother.

Exodus, 20:12.

So, we see that God requires the parents’ efforts to selflessly raise their children and requires the corresponding obedience of the children to enable the success of those efforts.

Analogously, just as God made man to be wiser than woman and to be adept at guiding her, so God gave man the duty to guide his wife selflessly and to govern her for her own good, rather than for any selfish advantage to himself. 

As God requires the man’s diligent efforts to guide his wife, so God requires the obedience of the wife in a way analogous to the way that God requires the obedience of the children to both parents.  Thus, God commands:

Let women be subject to their husbands, as to the Lord.

Ephesians, 5:22.

With children obeying their parents and with wives obeying their husbands, we see the orderliness and harmony of God’s All-Wise Plan.


Further Reflections on the Connection between a Man’s Duty to Selflessly Guide and His Wife’s Duty to Diligently Obey

St. John Chrysostom shows the orderliness and concord of God’s plan (i.e., the man’s selfless governing and the wife’s careful obedience), in these words addressed to each man:

Govern your wife, and thus will the whole house be in harmony.  Hear what St. Paul says. ‘And if they [wives] would learn anything, let them ask their own husbands at home’ [1 Cor. 14:35].[5]

St. Paul shows a man’s selfless governing of his wife must be Christlike just as her diligent obedience to her husband must be like the obedience of the Church to Christ:

Wives, be in subjection unto your own husbands, as unto the Lord.  For the husband is the head of the wife, as Christ also is the head of the Church: being Himself the Savior of the body. But as the Church is subject to Christ, so let the wives also be to their husbands in everything.

Ephesians, 5:22-24.


The Obedience We Must Give to Those Whom God Places over Us Is Not Vexing

Some women, with a less womanly (and more tom-boyish or manly) spirit, might dislike the truth that they must obey their husbands.  But women should no more be saddened by the Catholic Faith (and true philosophy – i.e., reason) telling them to obey their husbands, than children should be saddened to obey their parents raising them.

Similarly, laymen should not be saddened or minimize the obedience that God willed that they give to their priests and to the hierarchy throughout the entire history of the Church.  To be saddened or to minimize the obedience we owe, shows an imperfect spirit and stinginess with God – just as (analogously) being saddened by the approach of Lent with its obligations of greater penance. 

How happy and attractive is the willing obedience of children to their parents and students to their teachers!  How happy and attractive is willing obedience of wives to their husbands, of laymen to the Church authorities, and of citizens to the rulers God has given to them![6]


This Duty of a Man to Govern Well and the Duty of Obedience of those under his Care, Show the Orderliness of God’s Creation and His All-Wise Plan

God does everything is a way which is most orderly and perfect.  Let us look at what is required for this orderliness. 

Difference is the basis for the order in things.  If there were no differences between things, there could be no order between them.  The very idea of order includes within it the concept of priority and of posteriority, and hence, of difference and inequality.  In fact, that very separateness, i.e., the distinctions among things, is the principle of all order.

Here is how St. Thomas Aquinas, greatest Doctor of the Church, teaches this important point, quoting Aristotle:

As the Philosopher says (Metaph. v, text. 16), the terms “before” and “after” are used in reference to some principle.  Now order implies that certain things are, in some way, before or after.  Hence, wherever there is a principle, there must needs be also order of some kind.

Summa, IIa IIae, Q.26, a.1 respondeo.


God makes creatures unequal.

God made difference and inequality in all creatures.  As Ecclesiasticus teaches:

Why does one day excel another, and one light another, and one year another year…?  By the knowledge of the Lord, they were distinguished.

Ecclesiasticus, Ch. 33, vv. 7-8.

Therefore, just as God’s Wisdom is the cause of His making all creatures, so His Wisdom is the cause of Him making creatures unequal. 

Here is St. Thomas Aquinas’ fuller explanation of this truth:

[I]t must be said that as the wisdom of God is the cause of the distinction of things, so the same wisdom is the cause of their inequality.  This may be explained as follows.  A twofold distinction is found in things; one is a formal distinction as regards things differing specifically; the other is a material distinction as regards things differing numerically only.  And as the matter is on account of the form, material distinction exists for the sake of the formal distinction.  Hence, we see that in incorruptible things there is only one individual of each species, forasmuch as the species is sufficiently preserved in the one; whereas in things generated and corruptible there are many individuals of one species for the preservation of the species.  Whence it appears that formal distinction is of greater consequence than material.  Now, formal distinction always requires inequality, because as the Philosopher says (Metaph. viii, 10), the forms of things are like numbers in which species vary by addition or subtraction of unity.  Hence, in natural things species seem to be arranged in degrees; as the mixed things are more perfect than the elements, and plants than minerals, and animals than plants, and men than other animals; and in each of these, one species is more perfect than others.  Therefore, as the divine wisdom is the cause of the distinction of things for the sake of the perfection of the universe, so it is the cause of inequality.  For the universe would not be perfect if only one grade of goodness were found in things.

Summa, Ia, Q.47, a.2 respondeo (emphasis added).

By making some creatures inferior to other creatures, the whole of creation is more perfect than it otherwise would be.

Here is St. Thomas Aquinas’ fuller explanation of this truth:

It is part of the best agent to produce an effect which is best in its entirety; but this does not mean that He makes every part of the whole the best absolutely, but in proportion to the whole; in the case of an animal, for instance, its goodness would be taken away if every part of it had the dignity of an eye.  Thus, therefore, God also made the universe to be best as a whole, according to the mode of a creature; whereas He did not make each single creature best, but one better than another.  And therefore, we find it said of each creature, “God saw the light, that it was good” (Genesis 1:4); and in like manner of each one of the rest.  But of all together it is said, “God saw all the things that He had made, and they were very good” (Genesis 1:31).

Summa, Ia, Q.47, a.2, ad 1.

So, we see that the different roles of men and women are part of God’s wise plan and the order of the family and society.  The man’s duty and the corresponding obedience of those under his care are an inequality which results in God’s creation being more orderly, since inequality is necessary for order.

That very idea of order includes within it the concept of priority and of posteriority, and hence, of difference.  In fact, those very differences, i.e., the distinctions among people, is the essential principle of all familial, social, political, economic, military, and religious order.  For example, in a proper military order, an army cannot have all generals or all privates.  The army cannot have all equipment operators or all cooks.  And so on.

St. Paul emphasizes that God made men unequal and made them to have different roles, strengths, and weaknesses.  Here are St. Paul’s words:

For as the body is one, and hath many members; and all the members of the body, whereas they are many, yet are one body, so also is Christ.  For in one Spirit were we all baptized into one body, whether Jews or Gentiles, whether bond or free; and in one Spirit we have all been made to drink.  For the body also is not one member, but many.  If the foot should say, because I am not the hand, I am not of the body; is it therefore not of the body?  And if the ear should say, because I am not the eye, I am not of the body; is it therefore not of the body?  If the whole body were the eye, where would be the hearing?  If the whole were hearing, where would be the smelling?  But now God hath set the members every one of them in the body as it hath pleased Him.  And if they all were one member, where would be the body?  But now there are many members indeed, yet one body.  And the eye cannot say to the hand: I need not thy help; nor again the head to the feet: I have no need of you.  Yea, much more those that seem to be the more feeble members of the body, are more necessary.  And such as we think to be the less honorable members of the body, about these we put more abundant honor; and those that are our uncomely parts, have more abundant comeliness.  But our comely parts have no need: but God hath tempered the body together, giving to that which wanted the more abundant honor, that there might be no schism in the body; but the members might be mutually careful one for another.  And if one member suffers anything, all the members suffer with it; or if one member glory, all the members rejoice with it.

1 Corinthians, 12:12-27 (emphasis added).

As St. Paul shows us, God did not make every man to play whatever role that man chooses.  Some men are made more honorable members of society, some, less.  Some men are made the “eyes” of the collective group and some are made the “feet”.  Id.

St. Paul emphasizes that these differences between men give rise to the obligation that “the members might be mutually careful one for another”.  Id.

Part of this inequality which is planned by the Wisdom of God, is the inequality between men and women.  Although, in a way, the Eternal Wisdom made all unequal creatures to be complementary (as well as unequal), this is especially true of men and women.

Thus, God made man and woman to be especially complementary because of the very different and harmonious roles that He intends them to have in life.


Man must Fulfill the Role for which God Created Him

We saw above that God’s order in creation is most perfect and that God made the most perfect possible universe.  Part of the perfection of this order is God creating men to have the authority and the responsibility of unselfishly protecting, guiding, and caring for those whom God put under their charge (their wives, children, and, perhaps, others).

Thus, we see that men are to blame for most of the evil of the feminism that we see all around us.  Men are really the evil “fathers” of feminism and are more responsible for the feminist revolution than women are. 

Because man is the head of woman, it is principally man’s failure in his role and duty of manhood that gives rise to feminism.

Man’s failures of his responsibilities are of two types:

1.    He sometimes fails because he is irresponsible and lazy.  This results in him failing to be selfless and diligent in expending himself to rule, to guide, and to promote the welfare of those under his care – and to do his duty even when he does not feel like doing so. 

2.    A man sometimes fails because he is selfish and predatory.  This results in him abusing the authority that God gave him by using it for his own self-interest and advantage, instead of for the interests of those under his care.

We will look at each of these failures in turn.


Man’s Failure to do His Duty because He is Irresponsible or Lazy

A man is not only responsible for governing himself, but also for the proper order in the other members of his family (and of society to the extent part of it is under his care). 

A man commits this type of failure when he does not want to correct or guide someone who needs it and for whom he is responsible.  Although this failure can be a mortal sin, it is not as grave a sin as the second type of failure mentioned above (viz., using his authority to aggrandize himself).

Men are most to blame for disorder in their families and similarly are most to blame for disorder in society.  If we had more true men, then feminism would come to an end, and society would have more true women. 

A man who is not so evil as to promote the feminist revolution, is still to blame if he fails in his duty to diligently do his part to lead women and all of society to reject feminism (as well as other evils).  Part of a man’s duty is to govern and guide his own wife.  By failing to do this, he is derelict in his duties like a king who does not rule his kingdom because he wants to devote all his time to gambling, or the chase (e.g., foxes), or some other pastime. 

Here is how St. John Chrysostom taught this truth (preaching to the men of his congregation):

Govern your wife, and thus will the whole house be in harmony.  Hear what St. Paul says. ‘And if they [wives] would learn anything, let them ask their own husbands at home’ [1 Cor. 14:35].[7]

We see here that St. John Chrysostom is reminding men that they must govern their wives so that the home and family are orderly and harmonious. 

Of course, it is not only a man’s wife that he must guide but also anyone else for whom he is responsible – most commonly his children.  We see an example of this duty being breached in the first book of Kings, where God says concerning Heli:

I will judge his house for ever, for iniquity, because he knew that his sons did wickedly, and did not chastise them.

1 Kings, 3:13 (emphasis added).

Besides a man’s responsibility for his wife and children, he might have various responsibilities for leading society (or part of society) in some other way.  He must use his authority and carefully fulfill his responsibility in order for society to be orderly and harmonious.  This is why Pope St. Pius X admonished men that:

In our days more than ever, the greatest strength of evil men is the cowardice and weakness of those who are good.[8]

When men fail to fulfill their duties to their families or to society, – and most men are failing in our times – it causes chaos and strife in society.  So, it is plain that men are most to blame for the problems in society that we see all around us.


The Second Way a Man can Fail in His Duty to Care for those in his Charge is by being Selfish and Predatory.

In the Charles Dickens novel, Nicholas Nickleby, there is a memorable example of a man using his authority for his own selfish advantage.  This novel depicts an English country schoolmaster, Squeers, who uses his authority over his students for his own advantage, instead of selflessly seeking to benefit his students, as he should have.  Below, Schoolmaster Squeers explains to his new assistant schoolmaster, Nicholas Nickleby, how he “teaches” his students:

‘This is the first class in English spelling and philosophy, Nickleby,’ said Squeers, beckoning Nicholas to stand beside him.  ‘We’ll get up a Latin one, and hand that over to you.  Now, then, where’s the first boy?’

‘Please, sir, he’s cleaning the back-parlor window,’ said the temporary head of the philosophical class.

‘So he is, to be sure,’ rejoined Squeers.  ‘We go upon the practical mode of teaching, Nickleby; the regular education system. C-l-e-a-n, clean, verb active, to make bright, to scour.  W-i-n, win, d-e-r, der, winder, a casement.  When the boy knows this out of book, he goes and does it. It’s just the same principle as the use of the globes. Where’s the second boy?’

‘Please, sir, he’s weeding the garden,’ replied a small voice.

‘To be sure,’ said Squeers, by no means disconcerted.  ‘So he is.  B-o-t, bot, t-i-n, tin, bottin, n-e-y, ney, bottinney, noun substantive, a knowledge of plants.  When he has learned that bottinney means a knowledge of plants, he goes and knows ‘em. Thats our system, Nickleby: what do you think of it?’

‘It’s very useful one, at any rate,’ answered Nicholas.

‘I believe you,’ rejoined Squeers, not remarking the emphasis of his usher. ‘Third boy, what’s horse?’

A beast, sir,’ replied the boy.

‘So it is,’ said Squeers.

‘Ain’t it, Nickleby?’

‘I believe there is no doubt of that, sir,’ answered Nicholas.

‘Of course there isn’t,’ said Squeers.  ‘A horse is a quadruped, and quadruped’s Latin for beast, as everybody that’s gone through the grammar knows, or else where’s the use of having grammars at all?’

‘Where, indeed!’ said Nicholas abstractedly.

‘As you’re perfect in that,’ resumed Squeers, turning to the boy, ‘go and look after MY horse, and rub him down well, or I’ll rub you down.  The rest of the class go and draw water up, till somebody tells you to leave off, for it’s washing-day tomorrow, and they want the coppers filled.’[9]

This example, of course, is an appalling caricature of a man abusing his authority.  Squeers is in charge but his authority is for the good of his students, in order to teach them and to develop their minds.  Instead, he seeks only his own advantage and not their good.

This is like the importance of a judge using his authority for the sake of justice.  He might not render judgment in the way desired by those whose case is before him.  But he must not render judgment in a self-interested way (e.g., according to who pays him the largest bribes, or by inflicting harm on someone because of hatred rather than justice).

Similarly, God made a man to be in charge of his family (and, sometimes, in charge of others too).  But He gave this authority for the good of those he governs – not to be used selfishly.

So, the authority a man has over his family requires their obedience to his decisions.  This is why St. Paul commanded women:

Let women be subject to their husbands, as to the Lord.

Ephesians, 5:22

But a man must use his God-given authority for the good of those under his care.  St. Paul tells men how they must use their authority, namely sacrificially, for the good of their wives, not for their own selfish advantage:

Husbands, love your wives, as Christ also loved the church, and delivered Himself up for it.

Ephesians, 5:25 (emphasis added).

When a man uses his authority for his own selfish advantage, using the levers of his power and authority to aggrandize himself, this is an abuse. 

Although a man must govern for the good of those under his care, that does not necessarily mean exercising his authority according to their preferences.  So, e.g., if a school boy told his teacher that learning to read was too hard and begged to be allowed to play during reading class, the teacher would be required to exercise his authority to have the boy learn to read.


The Proper Order: Manly Men and Womanly Women

Right-thinking people of both sexes want men to be manly men and not act like women.[10]  Thus, the most perfect man – viz., Our Lord – is the manliest of men.  St. Gregory Nazianzen, Doctor of the Church, stated the truth of Our Lord’s Manhood:

There is in Him [i.e., Christ] nothing womanly, nothing unmanly.[11]

Men must be clear-thinking, strong of will, virtuous, and strong of body, to the best of their efforts.  When a man’s body fails him due to disease or age, he must continue in virtue, in the clarity of thought, in the strength of will (and body) to the best of his ability.  The manliest thing a man can do is control himself and this is his first responsibility at any age.

To take a parallel example, just as right-thinking persons of both sexes want men to be manly, so in the same way, all right-thinking citizens want policemen to have and to exercise their authority in a manly way.  Similarly, they want policemen to be strong of body and forceful (so they can do their duty to enforce the law). 

Of course, if that policeman unjustly takes a woman’s purse (for example), this is wrong whether that policeman took her purse by abusing his authority (e.g., by ordering her to give him her purse) or by abusing his strength to take her purse because he is stronger than she is. 

The problem is not that policemen are strong and have authority.  They must have strength and authority to do their job well!  The problem would be if they abuse that strength or authority.  Such abuse does not change the fact that policemen should have manly authority and strength.  But if they abuse these things, then they are bad, unworthy of their position, and are deserving of punishment.

When policemen abuse their authority or strength, this shows they are poor-excuses for policemen, just like a man is a poor-excuse for a man (i.e., unmanly) if he is a bully. 


The Poisonous Leftist Lies They Call “Toxic Masculinity”

As we saw above, God made men to be manly.  This is obviously true since God made creation perfect and He made men to be men, not women.  But how does this fit with the leftists’ continual condemnation of so-called “toxic masculinity”?

Here is one modern dictionary which parrots the leftist position and defines “toxic masculinity” as follows:

A cultural concept of manliness that glorifies stoicism, strength, virility, and dominance, and that is socially maladaptive or harmful to mental health[12]

Similarly, the leftists say things like this:

Traditional masculinity – marked by stoicism, competitiveness, dominance, and aggression – is, on the whole, harmful.[13]

The leftists add things like this:

Achievement, eschewal of the appearance of weakness, and adventure, risk, and violence, … these standards are damaging to mental and physical health.[14]

But God made men to be like men because that is exactly how He wants them to be, viz., manly.  The leftists say that men should stop being men and should start being like women.  For example, leftists say things like this:

To the extent that any vision of “nontoxic” masculinity is proposed, it ends up sounding more like stereotypical femininity than anything else: Guys should learn to be more sensitive, quiet and socially apt ….[15]

But God intended that men have exactly the traits of a man.  God intends a man to be strong, clear-thinking, organized, sacrificial, goal-oriented, virtuous, and dedicated to using his manhood for the work God gave to him.  A man must use his manhood to serve God and to guide and to care for those that God put under his charge.

It is certainly not manly – but rather is selfish and disgusting – for man to use his manhood to “walk all over everyone else” for his own selfish interests and to grab from them whatever he desires.  God made a man stronger to protect those who are weaker, not to abuse his strength to take advantage of them. 

This is just like the example we gave above of the policeman.  He should be a man of authority and strength but should use these for the good of those over whom he has authority.

In fact, a man who uses his greater strength of mind and body as well as his authority, for his own self-interest – to selfishly grab pleasures and wealth without regard to truth, justice, purity, and to God’s law, is a poor excuse for a man, since he does not follow his reason, which directs him to live according to virtue and not according to sin. 

A man should live according to reason.  But to live for himself alone is most unreasonable.  Such a man’s life of sin is most disordered and shows that such a man is really a slave to his passions and is dominated by vice. 

So, the leftists fail to make the necessary (and obvious) distinction.  The traits of manhood are good, important, and are made by God (just as are the traits of womanhood).  But a man can use those traits well, as God intends, or he can abuse them to commit sin and to abuse those under his care.  This is like the fact that a hammer is good but can be abused, e.g., if it were used as a weapon in a robbery.

So, it is not virility, strength, or dominance themselves that are “toxic”, only the way that those traits are abused.  If men are not virile and strong in character, they are not fully men, after all.

Virtuous and manly men are society’s essential protectors, guides, and managers.  Human society needs traits like these for its very preservation.  By contrast, a bad and vicious man:

  uses his God-given protective abilities as an armed robber, a serial killer, etc.

  uses his God-given guiding ability to guide people toward his own selfish interests; and

 

  uses his God-given managing ability to direct persons or society to his selfish and demonic advantage.

So, what we need to do is promote true Catholicism, holiness, and virtue so that masculinity (which is a work of God) is used for the good.[16]  And plainly, man being the way God intends him to be, viz., a virtuous and manly man, is necessary for his happiness and his success in life.  This is the opposite of the leftist lie that man being this way would be “damaging to mental and physical health”.[17]

Even most men who consider themselves “Traditional Catholic” are weak because they are products of the society in which they live.  Most men nowadays are soft and habituated to a life of ease, pleasure, and comfort.

A Man’s Duty to Learn to Be Manly and to Teach His Sons to be Manly Men

If any man were to find himself unprepared for his role in life, he must diligently prepare himself by effort, training, and practice – better late than never!  This is analogous to the duty of a woman if she is not prepared for the role for which God created her.  She must diligently learn and prepare herself when she comes to understand her duty.

A crucial part of the man’s selfless duty towards his family is his obligation to raise his sons to be able to perform well this role for which God created them.  In the years before a boy or young man has entered into the vocation to which God will call him, he is being raised in a family in which he is “apprenticed” in the “school” of manliness, especially being trained by his father.


Men’s Duty to be Paternal and Gentlemanly

So, we see that God’s Plan answers all of society’s problems.  That is, the Catholic life (with every person fulfilling his God-given responsibilities) is the answer to all of society’s ills and so we should live this Catholic life fully!

In this, we see the “recipe” for happiness: fulfilling our duties of state according to God’s Plan – viz., men living and acting their traditional and natural role as men, in the way God made them.  And in a complementary way, women acting in their traditional and natural role as women, living the womanly life that God made them to live.

As our world gets more and more irrational and absurd (as well as more pagan and immoral), we see the answer to this crisis all around us is that our future is our past (viz., Catholic Tradition), as Pope St. Pius X used to remind us:

The true friends of the people are neither revolutionaries, nor innovators: they are traditionalists.[18]

But the devil apes this genuine Catholic solution causing the strife of his own counterfeit “solutions”.  For example:

  Instead of a man’s duty to selflessly care and govern his family, the devil promotes feminism and the “women’s equality” movement, in which women battle for their supposed “rights” and they declare they don’t need to be under the care of their husbands; and 

  Instead of an employer acting as a father to his employees, acting for their good, the devil promotes the false “solution” of employees battling for their supposed rights as directed by Marxist ideology. 

Because of Original Sin, men (and women) don’t always live up to their vocations and responsibilities.  But men should show respect for women and, more than that, they should honor women, cherish them, and be chivalrous.  God gave women into the care of their men.  This is the true, natural, and Catholic way of life.  

Men should show this chivalry in many ways, large and small, e.g., changing a flat tire for a woman motorist at the side of the road, opening a door for a woman (although she is capable of opening a door herself), giving her his seat on a crowded train, offering to help her carry her heavy packages, even when she is capable of lifting them herself, etc.

Men should be courteous to women, charitable, respectful, polite, attentive, considerate, patient, thoughtful, obliging, listening well, not failing to listen because they are formulating a new comment while a woman is talking.

God made men to compete with men.  God made women to be man’s helpmate, not his competitor.  That is one reason why the Catholic Church overcame paganism to instill into a man to be a gentleman and to be gallant toward women. 

Women and girls have their own role and dignity in God’s Plan.  God did not put them on earth merely for men’s selfishness (any more than men are on earth only for women’s selfishness).  Rather, God made women to collaborate with men in the work God intends them to accomplish, in the roles for which God created them in the family.[19]

Men should treat all women as images of Our Lady.

The weightiest lesson of all comes from the law to love our neighbors as ourselves, which St. Paul applies to women (wives) in particular:

Thus, ought husbands also to love their wives as their own bodies. Who loveth his wife, loveth himself, for no one ever hated one’s own flesh (Eph. 5:28-29).

The Catholic Church has ever been the leaven which fosters the dignity of women.  This is what the Catholic Church has to say in the context of the family:

Husbands, love your wives, as Christ also loved the Church, and delivered Himself up for it.

Ephesians 5:25. 

This means that, as Christ gave His Life for His Church, a husband should give/devote his life to his wife and to her true good.

Our Lord teaches us the generosity we should have for each other, and husbands for their wives: “Greater love than this no man hath, that a man lay down his life for his friends.”  St. John’s Gospel, 15:31.  Husbands should remember that their wives should be their best friends.

A man who loves much does not “count the cost” and he gladly sacrifices everything for his friend (especially his wife and children):

If a man should give all the substance of his house for love, he shall despise it as nothing.

Canticle of Canticles, 8:7.

We should take to heart also, as regards the women in our midst (and men, too), what our Holy Redeemer taught us:

As ye would that others should treat you, so do ye likewise to them.  …  So be compassionate as your Father also hath compassion.  Judge ye not, and ye shall not be judged.  Condemn ye not, and ye shall not be condemned.  Forgive ye, and ye shall be forgiven.  Give ye, and it shall be given unto you.  They shall give into your bosom good measure, pressed down and shaken together and overflowing.  For it shall be meted unto you again with the same measure wherewith ye have meted.

St. Luke’s Gospel, 12:31, 36-38.

 
Conclusion

God made man to be manly, to selflessly use his greater strength of mind and body for the good of those that God has placed under his care. 

Let men be manly and gentlemanly!



[1]           Cf. 1 Corinthians, 14:34-35:

Let women keep silence in the churches: for it is not permitted them to speak, but to be subject, as also the law saith.  But if they would learn anything, let them ask their husbands at home.

Emphasis added.

[2]           For an examination of the great role and crucial work of a woman’s life as provided by Catholic teaching and by the Natural Law, read this article:

https://catholiccandle.org/2019/12/02/the-role-and-work-that-god-gave-to-woman/


[3]          
A business leader should be a father to his employees and should have care for their well-being.  For example, he should not put them in moral danger arising out of their responsibilities at work or because of the atmosphere of the workplace. 

The business leader should also give his workers a living wage which enables them to be the sole breadwinners (financial supports) for their wives and children.  In other ways too, a business leader has a duty to do what he can to influence his employees for their eternal good.

Read more about this truth in Catholic Candle’s analysis of the evil Marxist program for “diversity and inclusion”.  https://catholiccandle.org/2022/01/05/the-false-principle-of-diversity-and-inclusion/

[4]           Ungodly Rage, The Hidden Face of Catholic Feminism, By Mrs. Donna Steichen, Ignatius Press, San Francisco ©1991, page 226 (emphasis added).

[5]           Words of St. John Chrysostom, Doctor of the Church, quoted from his sermon #20 on Ephesians.

[6]           The civil law is an ordinance of reason for the Common Good, promulgated by him who has care of the community.  Such civil laws are binding in conscience, that is, under pain of sin.  Summa, Ia IIae, Q.90 & Q.96, a.4

 

Obviously, God does not require or permit us to follow the command of a superior who commands us to do something sinful.  For we must “obey God rather than men”.  Acts, 5:29.

[7]           St. John Chrysostom, Doctor of the Church, Sermon #20 on Ephesians (emphasis added).

[8]           Locution of Pope St. Pius X, December 13, 1908 at the beatification decree of St. Joan of Arc.           

[9]           Nicholas Nickleby, by Charles Dickens, found here: https://www.dickens-online.info/nicholas-nickleby-page59.html & https://www.dickens-online.info/nicholas-nickleby-page60.html (emphasis added).

[10]         This is like the fact that right-thinking people of both sexes want women to be feminine (womanly) and not act like men.  The most perfect woman – viz., Our Lady – is the most feminine or womanly of women and is the model of true womanhood for all women.

[11]         St. Gregory Nazianzen, Doctor of the Church, quoted from his sermon On the Holy Easter II, published in Sunday Sermons of the Great Fathers, translated by M.F. Toal, D.D., Henry Regnery Co., Chicago, © 1957, vol. 2, page 252 (emphasis added).

 


[13]         Quoted from this article: Men are lost. Here’s a map out of the wilderness, Washington Post, found here: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/07/10/christine-emba-masculinity-new-model/


[14]         Quoted from this article: Men are lost. Here’s a map out of the wilderness, Washington Post, found here: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/07/10/christine-emba-masculinity-new-model/


[15]         Quoted from this article: Men are lost. Here’s a map out of the wilderness, Washington Post, found here: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/07/10/christine-emba-masculinity-new-model/

[16]         This is like the fact that the feminine nature (womanhood) of a good and virtuous woman is a great good created and intended by God.  But the womanhood of a bad woman, full of vice, is very harmful to society.  A good and virtuous woman uses her God-given womanliness to be a helpmate and support to the husband she loves.  She is absorbed (i.e., is greatly immersed) in her great work of raising her children to be saints and good adults.  https://catholiccandle.org/2019/12/02/the-role-and-work-that-god-gave-to-woman/  The virtuous woman works hard to make the home she has made with her husband into a refuge and a haven of the good, the beautiful, and of happiness.

By contrast, bad women use their God-given womanhood to corrupt men by dressing immodestly, inviting them to lust, corrupting society, etc.  Also, whereas God intends a woman to help society by single-mindedly giving herself to the vocation to which God called her, instead a bad woman often harms society by using the single-minded dedication that God gave her to instead help a leftist cause and be a “foot soldier” for leftist protests and causes, or weaken the military by becoming a (literal) soldier, etc.  

So, what we need to do is to promote true Catholicism, holiness, and virtue among women so that their womanhood (which is a work of God) is used for the good and is not abused.

[17]         Quoted from this article: Men are lost. Here’s a map out of the wilderness, Washington Post, found here: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/07/10/christine-emba-masculinity-new-model/

[18]  Pope St. Pius X, Our Apostolic Mandate, 1901.

[19]         For an overview of the roles that God gave to women and men, read this article: https://catholiccandle.neocities.org/faith/the-role-that-god-gave-to-woman-and-the-great-work-of-her-life.html

The Duties and Role that God has given Men – Part 2

Catholic Candle note: The article below is part 2 of an analysis of the duties and role that God has given to men.  The first part of this article is here: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/09/26/the-duties-and-role-that-god-has-given-men/

This entire article is a “companion” article to these two articles:

  The one regarding men being more blamable than women or children for the ongoing destruction in civil society and in the human element of the Catholic Church.  That other article is entitled: The Crisis in Society is Caused by Unmanly Men, and can be found here: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/07/22/the-crisis-in-society-is-caused-by-unmanly-men/

  The article entitled: The False Principle of “Diversity and Inclusion”: https://catholiccandle.org/2022/01/05/the-false-principle-of-diversity-and-inclusion/


The Duties and Role that God has given Men – Part 2

Synopsis of the first part of this article:

In part 1, we saw that God made a hierarchy in everything.  That is, in all of reality one thing is ordered to another.

Manhood and Fatherhood are inextricably intertwined (like Womanhood and Motherhood).  Even for a man who is not called by God to be a father to children in his own family, he is still called to be a father in other ways, e.g., a priest, who is the spiritual father of a parish. 

God made man to lead and to be responsible for his family and, to one extent or another, also for civil society and for the human element of the Church.

Man’s responsibility to lead and govern comes with the obligation to lead sacrificially and for the good of those for whom God made him responsible.


Part 2

Man must Fulfill the Role for which God Created Him

We saw earlier that God’s order in creation is most perfect and that God made the most perfect possible universe.  Part of the perfection of this order is God creating men to have the authority and the responsibility of unselfishly protecting, guiding, and caring for those whom God put under their charge (their wives, children, and, perhaps, others).

Thus, we see that men are more to blame for the evil of the feminism that we see all around us.  Men are really the evil “fathers” of feminism and are more responsible for the feminist revolution than women are. 

Because man is the head of woman, it is principally man’s failure in his role and duty of manhood that gives rise to feminism.

Man’s failures of his responsibilities are of two types:

1.    He sometimes fails because he is irresponsible and lazy.  This results in him failing to be selfless and diligent in expending himself to rule, to guide, and to promote the welfare of those under his care – and to do his duty even when he does not feel like doing so. 

2.    A man sometimes fails because he is selfish and predatory.  This results in him abusing the authority that God gave him by using it for his own self-interest and advantage, instead of for the interests of those under his care.

We will look at each of these failures in turn.


Man’s Failure to do His Duty because He is Irresponsible or Lazy

A man is not only responsible for governing himself, but also for the proper order in the other members of his family (and of society to the extent part of it is under his care). 

A man commits this type of failure when he does not want to correct or guide someone who needs it and for whom he is responsible.  Although this failure can be a mortal sin, it is not as grave a sin as the second type of failure mentioned above (viz., using his authority to aggrandize himself).

Men are most to blame for disorder in their families and similarly are most to blame for disorder in society.  If we had more true men, then feminism would come to an end, and society would have more true women. 

A man who is not so evil as to promote the feminist revolution, is still to blame if he fails in his duty to diligently do his part to lead women and all of society to reject feminism (as well as other evils).  Part of a man’s duty is to govern and guide his own wife.  By failing to do this, he is derelict in his duties like a king who does not rule his kingdom because he wants to devote all his time to gambling, or the chase (e.g., foxes), or some other pastime. 

Here is how St. John Chrysostom taught this truth (preaching to the men of his congregation):

Govern your wife, and thus will the whole house be in harmony.  Hear what St. Paul says. ‘And if they [wives] would learn anything, let them ask their own husbands at home’ [1 Cor. 14:35].[1]

We see here that St. John Chrysostom is reminding men that they must govern their wives so that the home and family are orderly and harmonious. 

Of course, it is not only a man’s wife that he must guide but also anyone else for whom he is responsible – most commonly his children.  We see an example of this duty being breached in the first book of Kings, where God says concerning Heli:

I will judge his house for ever, for iniquity, because he knew that his sons did wickedly, and did not chastise them.

1 Kings, 3:13 (emphasis added).

Besides a man’s responsibility for his wife and children, he might have various responsibilities for leading society (or part of society) in some other way.  He must use his authority and carefully fulfill his responsibility in order for society to be orderly and harmonious.  This is why Pope St. Pius X admonished men that:

In our days more than ever, the greatest strength of evil men is the cowardice and weakness of those who are good.[2]

When men fail to fulfill their duties to their families or to society, – and most men are failing in our times – it causes chaos and strife in society.  So, it is plain that men are most to blame for the problems in society that we see all around us.


The Second Way a Man can Fail in His Duty to Care for those in his Charge is by being Selfish and Predatory.

In the Charles Dickens novel, Nicholas Nickleby, there is a memorable example of a man using his authority for his own selfish advantage.  This novel depicts an English country schoolmaster, Squeers, who uses his authority over his students for his own advantage, instead of selflessly seeking to benefit his students, as he should have.  Below, Schoolmaster Squeers explains to his new assistant schoolmaster, Nicholas Nickleby, how he “teaches” his students:

‘This is the first class in English spelling and philosophy, Nickleby,’ said Squeers, beckoning Nicholas to stand beside him.  ‘We’ll get up a Latin one, and hand that over to you.  Now, then, where’s the first boy?’

‘Please, sir, he’s cleaning the back-parlor window,’ said the temporary head of the philosophical class.

‘So he is, to be sure,’ rejoined Squeers.  ‘We go upon the practical mode of teaching, Nickleby; the regular education system. C-l-e-a-n, clean, verb active, to make bright, to scour.  W-i-n, win, d-e-r, der, winder, a casement.  When the boy knows this out of book, he goes and does it. It’s just the same principle as the use of the globes. Where’s the second boy?’

‘Please, sir, he’s weeding the garden,’ replied a small voice.

‘To be sure,’ said Squeers, by no means disconcerted.  ‘So he is.  B-o-t, bot, t-i-n, tin, bottin, n-e-y, ney, bottinney, noun substantive, a knowledge of plants.  When he has learned that bottinney means a knowledge of plants, he goes and knows ‘em. Thats our system, Nickleby: what do you think of it?’

‘It’s very useful one, at any rate,’ answered Nicholas.

‘I believe you,’ rejoined Squeers, not remarking the emphasis of his usher. ‘Third boy, what’s horse?’

A beast, sir,’ replied the boy.

‘So it is,’ said Squeers.

‘Ain’t it, Nickleby?’

‘I believe there is no doubt of that, sir,’ answered Nicholas.

‘Of course there isn’t,’ said Squeers.  ‘A horse is a quadruped, and quadruped’s Latin for beast, as everybody that’s gone through the grammar knows, or else where’s the use of having grammars at all?’

‘Where, indeed!’ said Nicholas abstractedly.

‘As you’re perfect in that,’ resumed Squeers, turning to the boy, ‘go and look after MY horse, and rub him down well, or I’ll rub you down.  The rest of the class go and draw water up, till somebody tells you to leave off, for it’s washing-day tomorrow, and they want the coppers filled.’[3]

This example, of course, is an appalling caricature of a man abusing his authority.  Squeers is in charge but his authority is for the good of his students, in order to teach them and to develop their minds.  Instead, he seeks only his own advantage and not their good.

This is like the importance of a judge using his authority for the sake of justice.  He might not render judgment in the way desired by those whose case is before him.  But he must not render judgment in a self-interested way (e.g., according to who pays him the largest bribes, or by inflicting harm on someone because of hatred rather than justice).

Similarly, God made a man to be in charge of his family (and, sometimes, in charge of others too).  But He gave this authority for the good of those he governs – not to be used selfishly.

So, the authority a man has over his family requires their obedience to his decisions.  This is why St. Paul commanded women:

Let women be subject to their husbands, as to the Lord.

Ephesians, 5:22

But a man must use his God-given authority for the good of those under his care.  St. Paul tells men how they must use their authority, namely sacrificially, for the good of their wives, not for their own selfish advantage:

Husbands, love your wives, as Christ also loved the church, and delivered Himself up for it.

Ephesians, 5:25 (emphasis added).

When a man uses his authority for his own selfish advantage, using the levers of his power and authority to aggrandize himself, this is an abuse. 

Although a man must govern for the good of those under his care, that does not necessarily mean exercising his authority according to their preferences.  So, e.g., if a school boy told his teacher that learning to read was too hard and begged to be allowed to play during reading class, the teacher would be required to exercise his authority to have the boy learn to read.


The Proper Order: Manly Men and Womanly Women

Right-thinking people of both sexes want men to be manly men and not act like women.[4]  Thus, the most perfect man – viz., Our Lord – is the manliest of men.  St. Gregory Nazianzen, Doctor of the Church, stated the truth of Our Lord’s Manhood:

There is in Him [i.e., Christ] nothing womanly, nothing unmanly.[5]

Men must be clear-thinking, strong of will, virtuous, and strong of body, to the best of their efforts.  When a man’s body fails him due to disease or age, he must continue in virtue, in the clarity of thought, in the strength of will (and body) to the best of his ability.  The manliest thing a man can do is control himself and this is his first responsibility at any age.

To take a parallel example, just as right-thinking persons of both sexes want men to be manly, so in the same way, all right-thinking citizens want policemen to have and to exercise their authority in a manly way.  Similarly, they want policemen to be strong of body and forceful (so they can do their duty to enforce the law). 

Of course, if that policeman unjustly takes a woman’s purse (for example), this is wrong whether that policeman took her purse by abusing his authority (e.g., by ordering her to give him her purse) or by abusing his strength to take her purse because he is stronger than she is. 

The problem is not that policemen are strong and have authority.  They must have strength and authority to do their job well!  The problem would be if they abuse that strength or authority.  Such abuse does not change the fact that policemen should have manly authority and strength.  But if they abuse these things, then they are bad, are unworthy of their position, and are deserving of punishment.

When policemen abuse their authority or strength, this shows they are poor-excuses for policemen, just like a man is a poor-excuse for a man (i.e., unmanly) if he is a bully. 


The Poisonous Lies That Leftists Call “Toxic Masculinity”

As we saw above, God made men to be manly.  This is obviously true since God made creation perfect and He made men to be men, not women.  But how does this fit with the leftists’ continual condemnation of so-called “toxic masculinity”?

Here is one modern dictionary which parrots the leftist position and defines “toxic masculinity” as follows:

A cultural concept of manliness that glorifies stoicism, strength, virility, and dominance, and that is socially maladaptive or harmful to mental health[6]

Similarly, the leftists say things like this:

Traditional masculinity – marked by stoicism, competitiveness, dominance, and aggression – is, on the whole, harmful.[7]

The leftists add things like this:

Achievement, eschewal of the appearance of weakness, and adventure, risk, and violence, … these standards are damaging to mental and physical health.[8]

But God made men to be like men because that is exactly how He wants them to be, viz., manly.  The leftists say that men should stop being men and should start being like women.  For example, leftists say things like this:

To the extent that any vision of “nontoxic” masculinity is proposed, it ends up sounding more like stereotypical femininity than anything else: Guys should learn to be more sensitive, quiet and socially apt ….[9]

But God intended that men have exactly the traits of a man.  God intends a man to be strong, clear-thinking, organized, sacrificial, goal-oriented, virtuous, and dedicated to using his manhood for the work God gave to him.  A man must use his manhood to serve God and to guide and to care for those that God put under his charge.

It is certainly not manly – but rather is selfish and disgusting – for man to use his manhood to “walk all over everyone else” for his own selfish interests and to grab from them whatever he desires.  God made a man stronger to protect those who are weaker, not to abuse his strength to take advantage of them. 

This is just like the example we gave above of the policeman.  He should be a man of authority and strength but should use these for the good of those over whom he has authority.

In fact, a man who uses his greater strength of mind and body as well as his authority, for his own self-interest – to selfishly grab pleasures and wealth without regard to truth, justice, purity, and to God’s law, is a poor excuse for a man, since he does not follow his reason, which directs him to live according to virtue and not according to sin. 

A man should live according to reason.  But to live for himself alone is greatly unreasonable.  Such a man’s life of sin is most disordered and shows that such a man is really a slave to his passions and is dominated by vice. 

So, the leftists fail to make the necessary (and obvious) distinction.  The traits of manhood are good, important, and are made by God (just as are the traits of womanhood).  But a man can use those traits well, as God intends, or he can abuse them to commit sin and to abuse those under his care.  This is like the fact that a hammer is good but can be abused, e.g., if it were used as a weapon in a robbery.

So, it is not virility, strength, or dominance themselves that are “toxic”, only the way that those traits are sometimes abused.  If men are not virile and strong in character, they are not fully men, after all.

Virtuous and manly men are society’s essential protectors, guides, and managers.  Human society needs traits like these for its very preservation.  By contrast, a bad and vicious man:

  uses his God-given protective abilities as an armed robber, a serial killer, etc.

  uses his God-given guiding ability to guide people toward his own selfish interests; and

 

  uses his God-given managing ability to direct persons or society to his selfish and demonic advantage.

So, what we need to do is promote true Catholicism, holiness, and virtue so that masculinity (which is a work of God) is used for the good.[10]  And plainly, man being the way God intends him to be, viz., a virtuous and manly man, is necessary for his happiness and his success in life.  This is the opposite of the leftist lie that man being this way would be “damaging to mental and physical health”.[11]

Even most men who consider themselves “Traditional Catholic” are weak because they are products of the society in which they live.  Most men nowadays are soft and habituated to a life of ease, pleasure, and comfort.

A Man’s Duty to Learn to Be Manly and to Teach His Sons to be Manly Men

If any man were to find himself unprepared for his role in life, he must diligently prepare himself by effort, training, and practice – better late than never!  This is analogous to the duty of a woman if she is not prepared for the role for which God created her.  She must diligently learn and prepare herself when she comes to understand her duty.

A crucial part of the man’s selfless duty towards his family is his obligation to raise his sons to be able to perform well this role for which God created them.  In the years before a boy or young man has entered into the vocation to which God will call him, he is being raised in a family in which he is “apprenticed” in the “school” of manliness, especially being trained by his father.


Men’s Duty to be Paternal and Gentlemanly

So, we see that God’s Plan answers all of society’s problems.  That is, the Catholic life (with every person fulfilling his God-given responsibilities) is the answer to all of society’s ills and so we should live this Catholic life fully!

In this, we see the “recipe” for happiness: fulfilling our duties of state according to God’s Plan – viz., men living and acting their traditional and natural role as men, in the way God made them.  And in a complementary way, women acting in their traditional and natural role as women, living the womanly life that God made them to live.

As our world gets more and more irrational and absurd (as well as more pagan and immoral), we see the answer to this crisis all around us is that our future is our past (viz., Catholic Tradition), as Pope St. Pius X used to remind us:

The true friends of the people are neither revolutionaries, nor innovators: they are traditionalists.[12]

But the devil apes this genuine Catholic solution causing the strife of his own counterfeit “solutions”.  For example:

  Instead of a man’s duty to selflessly care and govern his family, the devil promotes feminism and the “women’s equality” movement, in which women battle for their supposed “rights” and they declare they don’t need to be under the care of their husbands; and 

  Instead of an employer acting as a father to his employees, acting for their good, the devil promotes the false “solution” of employees battling for their supposed rights as directed by Marxist ideology. 

Because of Original Sin, men (and women) don’t always live up to their vocations and responsibilities.  But men should show respect for women and, more than that, they should honor women, cherish them, and be chivalrous.  God gave women into the care of their men.  This is the true, natural, and Catholic way of life.  

Men should show this chivalry in many ways, large and small, e.g., changing a flat tire for a woman motorist at the side of the road, opening a door for a woman (although she is capable of opening a door herself), giving her his seat on a crowded train, offering to help her carry her heavy packages, even when she is capable of lifting them herself, etc.

Men should be courteous to women, charitable, respectful, polite, attentive, considerate, patient, thoughtful, obliging, listening well, not failing to listen because they are formulating a new comment while a woman is talking.

God made men to compete with men.  God made women to be man’s helpmate, not his competitor.  That is one reason why the Catholic Church overcame paganism to instill into a man to be a gentleman and to be gallant toward women. 

Women and girls have their own role and dignity in God’s Plan.  God did not put them on earth merely for men’s selfishness (any more than men are on earth only for women’s selfishness).  Rather, God made women to collaborate with men in the work God intends them to accomplish, in the roles for which God created them in the family.[13]

Men should treat all women as images of Our Lady.

The weightiest lesson of all comes from the law to love our neighbors as ourselves, which St. Paul applies to women (wives) in particular:

Thus, ought husbands also to love their wives as their own bodies. Who loveth his wife, loveth himself, for no one ever hated one’s own flesh (Eph. 5:28-29).

The Catholic Church has ever been the leaven which fosters the dignity of women.  This is what the Catholic Church has to say in the context of the family:

Husbands, love your wives, as Christ also loved the Church, and delivered Himself up for it.

Ephesians 5:25. 

This means that, as Christ gave His Life for His Church, a husband should give/devote his life to his wife and to her true good.

Our Lord teaches us the generosity we should have for each other, and husbands for their wives: “Greater love than this no man hath, that a man lay down his life for his friends.”  St. John’s Gospel, 15:31.  Husbands should remember that their wives should be their best friends.

A man who loves much does not “count the cost” and he gladly sacrifices everything for his friend (especially his wife and children):

If a man should give all the substance of his house for love, he shall despise it as nothing.

Canticle of Canticles, 8:7.

We should take to heart also, as regards the women in our midst (and men, too), what our Holy Redeemer taught us:

As ye would that others should treat you, so do ye likewise to them.  …  So be compassionate as your Father also hath compassion.  Judge ye not, and ye shall not be judged.  Condemn ye not, and ye shall not be condemned.  Forgive ye, and ye shall be forgiven.  Give ye, and it shall be given unto you.  They shall give into your bosom good measure, pressed down and shaken together and overflowing.  For it shall be meted unto you again with the same measure wherewith ye have meted.

St. Luke’s Gospel, 12:31, 36-38.

 
Conclusion

God made man to be manly, to selflessly use his greater strength of mind and body for the good of those that God has placed under his care. 

Let men be manly and gentlemanly!



[1]           St. John Chrysostom, Doctor of the Church, Sermon #20 on Ephesians (emphasis added).

[2]           Locution of Pope St. Pius X, December 13, 1908 at the beatification decree of St. Joan of Arc.

[3]           Nicholas Nickleby, by Charles Dickens, found here: https://www.dickens-online.info/nicholas-nickleby-page59.html & https://www.dickens-online.info/nicholas-nickleby-page60.html (emphasis added).

[4]           This is like the fact that right-thinking people of both sexes want women to be feminine (womanly) and not act like men.  The most perfect woman – viz., Our Lady – is the most feminine or womanly of women and is the model of true womanhood for all women.

[5]           St. Gregory Nazianzen, Doctor of the Church, quoted from his sermon On the Holy Easter II, published in Sunday Sermons of the Great Fathers, translated by M.F. Toal, D.D., Henry Regnery Co., Chicago, © 1957, vol. 2, page 252 (emphasis added).

 


[7]           Quoted from this article: Men are lost. Here’s a map out of the wilderness, Washington Post, found here: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/07/10/christine-emba-masculinity-new-model/


[8]           Quoted from this article: Men are lost. Here’s a map out of the wilderness, Washington Post, found here: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/07/10/christine-emba-masculinity-new-model/


[9]           Quoted from this article: Men are lost. Here’s a map out of the wilderness, Washington Post, found here: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/07/10/christine-emba-masculinity-new-model/

[10]         This is like the fact that the feminine nature (womanhood) of a good and virtuous woman is a great good created and intended by God.  But the womanhood of a bad woman, full of vice, is very harmful to society.  A good and virtuous woman uses her God-given womanliness to be a helpmate and support to the husband she loves.  She is absorbed (i.e., is greatly immersed) in her great work of raising her children to be saints and good adults.  https://catholiccandle.org/2019/12/02/the-role-and-work-that-god-gave-to-woman/  The virtuous woman works hard to make the home she has made with her husband into a refuge and a haven of the good, the beautiful, and of happiness.

By contrast, bad women use their God-given womanhood to corrupt men by dressing immodestly, inviting them to lust, corrupting society, etc.  Also, whereas God intends a woman to help society by single-mindedly giving herself to the vocation to which God called her, instead a bad woman often harms society by using the single-minded dedication that God gave her to instead help a leftist cause and be a “foot soldier” for leftist protests and causes, or weaken the military by becoming a (literal) soldier, etc. 

So, what we need to do is to promote true Catholicism, holiness, and virtue among women so that their womanhood (which is a work of God) is used for the good and is not abused.

[11]         Quoted from this article: Men are lost. Here’s a map out of the wilderness, Washington Post, found here: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/07/10/christine-emba-masculinity-new-model/

[12]  Pope St. Pius X, Our Apostolic Mandate, 1901.

[13]         For an overview of the roles that God gave to women and men, read this article: https://catholiccandle.neocities.org/faith/the-role-that-god-gave-to-woman-and-the-great-work-of-her-life.html

Lesson #39: Temperaments – Choleric Temperament – Their Spiritual Combat Part IV

Philosophy Notes

Mary’s School of Sanctity

Lesson #39 About the Temperaments – Continuing Our Study of the Choleric Temperament – That Temperament’s Spiritual Combat – Part IV

Note: In this article, when referring to a person with a choleric temperament, we simply call him a “choleric”.

In our last lesson we addressed the choleric’s type of pride.  We saw how pride is one of the main propensities that a choleric must be aware of in himself so he can be on guard against it.  His pride tends to drive him quickly to extremes.  One of the most dangerous things that his pride sparks in him is anger.   In this lesson we will delve into how anger, which is a natural human passion, is especially a problem area for the choleric.

Anger – a Natural Dispositional Inclination for the Choleric

St. Thomas Aquinas explains in his Summa Theologica[1] how the choleric temperament is prone to anger.  First of all, St. Thomas explains the causes of anger.  Anger is an irascible passion in man.

St. Thomas discusses the causes of the passion of anger.  He tells us that passions can be caused in two ways: 1) on the part of the objects of what a man desires; and 2) on the part of the subject who does the action of desiring.  In what we are studying now in these lessons, the subject is man.

We must remember that man is a rational animal and when it comes to the objects of what a man desires, we find that man seeks certain things because he is, by nature, an animal.  Thus, he seeks the bodily pleasures which are necessary to preserve not only his own life, but also those pleasures which are meant to be used to propagate the species of man.  So St. Thomas explains that if we consider man simply as an animal, then bodily desires are stronger than anger.

On the other hand, St. Thomas tells us that when considering man as a rational being, then anger is more natural to man than his bodily desires, in so far as anger follows reason more than desire does.  St. Thomas says, “It is natural to everything to rise up against things contrary and hurtful.”  (In a future lesson, we will discuss reason’s role in anger.)

St. Thomas shows how the temperament is another cause of anger, in the following words:

[I]f we consider the nature of the individual, in respect to his particular temperament, thus anger is more natural than desire; for the reason that anger is prone to ensue from the natural tendency to anger, more than desire, or any other passion is to ensue from a natural tendency to desire, which tendencies result from a man’s individual temperament.  Because disposition to anger is due to a bilious temperament; and of all the humors, the bile moves quickest; for it is like fire.  Consequently, he that is temperamentally disposed to anger is sooner incensed with anger than he that is inflamed with desire; and for this reason, the Philosopher[2] says (Ethics Bk. 7; ch. 6 #1126b30) that a disposition to anger is more liable to be transmitted from parent to child, than a disposition to desire [i.e., bodily desires].[3]

So let us set up a plan of study about this inclination that the choleric has.  We have all heard of just anger.  Our Lord used this when He kicked the money changers out of the Temple.  Yet, unfortunately more often we see that anger is not used justly. Therefore, it is very important to understand anger and to moderate this passion.  In order to learn how to use anger properly, we need to see the following:

·         Basically, what does anger do insofar as how it moves the soul into action?

·         What role does reason play in the use of anger?

·         How does justice fit in with the use of anger?

·         If anger is unjust, it can lead to many dangers.  What are these dangers?

·         How can one rid himself of feelings of unjust anger?

Understanding Anger as a Passion

St. Thomas explains to us that anger is a special passion because anger is caused by a concurrence of several passions, “because the movement of anger does not arise except on account of some pain inflicted, and unless there be desire and hope of revenge: for, as the Philosopher says in Rhetoric Bk. 2 ch. 2 #1378a31, ‘the angry man hopes to punish; since he craves for revenge as being possible.’[4]

St. Thomas, quoting St. Augustine, tells us, “Anger craves for revenge,” and revenge belongs to justice.  Hence, anger is something good.  Furthermore, St. Thomas says that “Anger is always accompanied by hope, wherefore it causes pleasure, as the Philosopher says (Rhetoric Bk. 2; ch. 2 #1378b1).  But the object of hope and of pleasure is a good.  Therefore, good is also the object of anger.”[5]

A little after thins explanation, St. Thomas teaches how man can desire both good and evil either simply by following and adhering to the good or recoiling from evil, or man can desire in a more complex way by desiring some good or evil being in another or done to another, and either seeking this deed or recoiling from this deed.

St. Thomas then continues:

This is evident in the case of love and hatred: for we love someone, in so far as we wish some good to be in him; and we hate someone, in so far as we wish some evil to be in him.  It is the same with anger; for when a man is angry, he wishes to be avenged on someone.  Hence, the movement of anger has a twofold tendency: viz., 1) to vengeance itself, which it desires and hopes for as being a good, wherefore it takes pleasure in it; and 2) to the person on whom it seeks vengeance, as to something contrary and hurtful, which bears the character of evil.

We must, however, observe a twofold difference in this respect, between anger on the one side, and hatred and love on the other. The first difference is that anger always regards two objects: whereas love and hatred sometimes regard but one object, as when a man is said to love wine or something of the kind, or to hate it. The second difference is that both the objects of love are good: since the lover wishes good to someone, as to something agreeable to himself: while both the objects of hatred bear the character of evil: for the man who hates, wishes evil to someone, as to something disagreeable to him.  Whereas anger regards one object under the aspect of evil, viz., the noxious person, on whom it seeks to be avenged.  Consequently, it is a passion somewhat made up of contrary passions.[6]

Because, anger is driven by the hope of revenge, we can see how great care must be taken when one is using anger because we are obliged in conscience make sure our anger is just.

 A Preview …

In our next lesson we will pick up with the bullets points given above and continue our investigation of the importance of using our reason when dealing with all aspects of anger.  In this way, we will be better acquainted with one of the major challenges the choleric has in dealing with the weaknesses of his temperament.



[1]           This section is summarized from the Summa Theologica I-II Q.46 art. 5 Respondeo.

[2]           The Philosopher referred to here is Aristotle.


[3]           Summa Theologica, Ia IIae, Q. 46, a.5, Respondeo.

[4]           Summa Theologica Ia Iiae, Q.46 a.1, Respondeo.

 

[5]           Summa, Ia Iiae, Q.46, a.2, Sed Contra.


[6]           Summa, Ia Iiae, Q.46, a.2, Respondeo (numbers added for clarity).

Our Lord Wants You to Be With Him in Heaven

In the October Catholic Candle, there was an article on the Sacred Heart which demonstrated the great and loving help that Our Lord gives us so that we can be with Him in Heaven.

Many people have a vague idea that they’d like to go to Heaven.  That is, if they even think about it at all.  They go about their daily lives and hope that they are somehow conforming to God’s commandments, although without inconveniencing themselves too much.

Other people understand that more is expected of them, that Christ laid down a very specific plan for them to get to Heaven.  He came down to earth, established His Church, and suffered and died that we might attain salvation.

But Christ didn’t leave us floundering and rudderless, uncertain what we were to do to get to Heaven.  He loves us so much that He gave us multitudinous helps so that we might be forever happy with Him in Heaven.  For example, He gave us the Ten Commandments, the Mass, the Sacraments, thousands of examples of heroic Saints, Catholic books, great Doctors of the Church, and one sermon in particular that especially stands out: the Sermon on the Mount.

In Chapter 5 of St. Matthew’s Gospel (part of which is printed below), Our Lord gives us explicit instructions as to how we are to live our daily lives:

And seeing the multitudes, He went up unto a mountain, and when he was set down, His disciples came unto Him.

And opening His mouth, He taught them, saying:

      Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven.

      Blessed are the meek: for they shall possess the land.

      Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted.

      Blessed are they that hunger and thirst after justice: for they shall have their fill.

      Blessed are the merciful:  for they shall obtain mercy.

      Blessed are the clean of heart: for they shall see God.

      Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called children of God.

      Blessed are they that suffer persecution for justice’ sake: for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven.

These instructions, and the additional ones that followed, were not mere suggestions.  They were definite guides for us that, if followed, would lead us to Heaven.  Which was Christ’s intention as He so loved us, His creatures, that He wanted us to have eternal peace and happiness with Him forever.

So, it is time to reflect again on all that Our Lord has done for us, and is continuing to do for us.  You will see there is no limit to what lengths He has gone to aid us in gaining our salvation.  We should love Him and thank Him by living a life according to His will.

Know His will and pray for the courage and strength to follow it.  He suffered and died for us.  He keeps us in existence.  He helps us in so many ways.  It’s easy to love Him for all He has done for us, and continues to do!

Words to Live by – from Catholic Tradition


The Importance of Controlling Ourselves


The great Mystical Doctor teaches:


Conquering the tongue is better than fasting on bread and water.


St. John of the Cross, minor work entitled Other Counsels, #12.

Lesson #38: Temperaments – Choleric Temperament – Their Spiritual Combat

Philosophy Notes

Mary’s School of Sanctity

Lesson #38 —

Note: When referring to a person with a choleric temperament in this article we simply will call him “a choleric”.

In our last lesson we briefly described the general weaknesses of a choleric who wasn’t guarding himself and trying to love God. Thus, he has bad will. We touched upon the fact that if a person with a choleric temperament doesn’t guard himself and strive to love God, he can easily slip into the weaknesses of his temperament. Here we list again for reference the weaknesses we listed previously:

Weaknesses of the Choleric Temperament:1

  • Hardness

  • Nurtured hatred and desire for revenge

  • Obstinacy

  • Insensibility

  • Anger

  • Pride (includes over-confidence; criticizing others; excessive competitiveness)

  • Ambition

  • Violence, cruelty, and arrogance upon meeting with resistance

  • Lack of delicacy of feeling, insensitive to the feelings of others

  • Coldness

  • Indifference

  • Impetuosity

Each temperament has its own unique struggles and challenges in trying to live a virtuous life. As Catholics it is important for us to understand ourselves and others better in order to appreciate the reality that we are indeed in the Church Militant with a formidable enemy, Satan, who has been practicing his evil on the human race ever since Adam’s Fall. We must get to know our own inclinations and those of our neighbor so we can learn to love our neighbor more perfectly. This analysis of the spiritual combat of the choleric temperament is meant to foster such knowledge which will benefit those with the choleric temperament as well as those who do not have this temperament. We want to increase in charity and be able to help our loved ones and our neighbor in general. Therefore, it is crucial to gain as much comprehension as possible of the pitfalls each temperament has.

With this in mind let us see how these weaknesses of the choleric are closely linked together and how Satan spurs the choleric on by trying to make of the choleric a bundle of uncontrollable passions and emotions.

Every Temperament has its own Form of Pride. Let’s Examine the Particular Struggle the Choleric has with Pride.

We must face the reality that Satan hates Christ and wants all humans to be trapped in pride as a preparation for damnation. “Never suffer pride to reign in thy mind, or in thy words: for from it all perdition took its beginning.” Tobias, 4:14. It is a fact that every temperament has a particular form of pride and such pride comes in varying degrees.

Since pride is the root of all evil, it is important to start our further investigation of the weaknesses of the choleric by probing deeper into his typical form of pride. As we mentioned earlier in these lessons concerning the temperaments, not all persons of a particular temperament are exactly alike.

Although no two people are exactly alike, there are some tendencies to pride that show up especially in the choleric temperament. Satan certainly takes advantage of these inclinations in order to make a choleric into a slave of pride. Satan knows that when a choleric is caught up in his pride, all the other weaknesses seem to follow along as if they were attached to this pride. The choleric’s pride shows up in his overconfidence and ambition for fame or power. He appears to be extremely set upon getting everyone’s attention and keeping it.

Because all pride is blinding, the choleric can be the type of person who is self-centered and he doesn’t even realize it.

He doesn’t see that he has any failings. [If he does see any, he makes light of them.] He gets upset if anyone should point out any defect in him. On the other hand, he is apt to find faults in everyone else. He is constantly criticizing others, whether in his thoughts or words.

He tends to bully others and thereby force them to do his bidding. Because he is successful in pressuring others and getting his way, he tends to oppress anyone who dares to go against him.

His bullying tends to be in sharp words, insults, threats and even trying to pressure others into feeling guilty for opposing him. He can be very vindictive to those he views as his enemy. He can go so far as to take revenge on others and destroy their property and their good name.

He can bully all those around him and get them to join him in putting pressure on the one who is trying to oppose him (otherwise known as ganging up on his “oppressor” and putting him in the “doghouse”), thereby ostracizing his opponent.

A choleric with unchecked pride can easily be despotic. In human history there are countless examples of tyrants, and men set on taking control of as much of the world as they could. Many famous dictators were of the choleric temperament.

Because the choleric is so focused on wanting to be esteemed by others, he tends to be excessively competitive. He is often considered to be a perfectionist and this attribute ties in with his wanting to be viewed as if he is the best in everything. Cholerics are apt to be in sports and other contests. Competition in itself is not bad. But a choleric trapped in pride is so intent on winning that he makes a very sore loser. He doesn’t take defeat well at all.

The reader may think we are painting the worst-case scenario; yet, our intention is to inform the choleric that he really needs to be on high alert for his pride so he does not become an overbearing and domineering person. In other words, if a choleric does not have self-knowledge, he will not be aware of his own tendencies and hence will not fight diligently against them.

In consequence of his lack of concern about his spiritual progress, his pride remains unchecked, and the other weaknesses of his temperament easily latch onto his pride. He gets impatient when things do not go his way and this naturally leads to anger. His pride readily harbors grudges and nurses hatred in his heart which can readily turn into forms of violence, cruelty, and revenge. When he doubles-down in his pride, he is like a stubborn bull and forms an obstinate hardness in his heart. His heart is cold, insensible, and indifferent to the needs and/or feelings of his neighbor.

He is likely, then, to not stop and consider what he is doing and the many consequences of his actions. Remember, we said that this type of choleric, who has bad will, is not on the right path. He has become habituated to being impetuous in his one-track mind which is so focused on only himself.

So, What should a Choleric do to keep the Enemy (Pride), at Bay?

In this section we wish to make suggestions for the choleric in a general way. In upcoming lessons, we will get into more details of how a choleric can curb his pride and subsequent anger as well as his other weaknesses. Likewise, we will address how choleric men can best help themselves and in turn, how choleric women can guard themselves against their dangerous inclinations, too.

Self-knowledge is a gift from God and we must pray to acquire this gift.

1) Pray for self-knowledge. Pray hard for humility and to be receptive to the insights and observations of others, especially when they point out your failings/defects.

2) Mistrust yourself. Seek advice from others often! Do not presume that you are right in your thinking or opinions. Remind yourself that you have so much to learn.

3) Try to put yourself in other people’s shoes. This is so helpful in order to draw yourself away from inordinate self-love and self-centeredness.

4) Work hard on meekness. Endeavor to study Our Lord Jesus Christ and the way He acted in the Gospels. Meditating on the life of Christ is so very crucial for a choleric. Search to see how gentle and selfless Christ was during His whole earthly life. Ask yourself constantly, “How would He handle this situation?

5) Work hard on becoming selfless. This is not impossible and you must keep Our Meek and Humble Lord and Shepherd of souls in your mind. Remember, He is the model for us Catholics to follow, including cholerics, who tend to be rather high-strung, fast-moving leaders. Cholerics must learn to be followers of Our Lord who is their Shepherd and Leader.

6) Work especially on becoming a deeper thinker. Look at life as a means to know God better, and this includes diligently thinking things through to be sure you are doing God’s Will and not your own.

What can Non-Choleric People do to help a Choleric with Bad Will to Master Himself and to Fight Pride?

Again, our attempt in this section of our current lesson is to list some general suggestions of how to help the choleric. We will get into more specifics in future lessons when we are setting out more details of how the choleric can help himself (with God’s assistance, of course!).

1) Pray for him. A choleric of bad will can be heavy-handed and difficult to bear; however, as we pray for the necessary patience in dealing with him, we must not forget to pray for the choleric himself.

2). Offer up the cross of bearing with the bad-willed choleric. In addition to prayer for the conversion of this type of choleric, it is God’s Will that we offer up the suffering caused by the choleric for the choleric’s salvation. In this way, we can not only bear the cross better, but also we can gain merit from this God-sent cross.

3) Do not give in to him. Choleric pressure can be intense but it is so important not to let him get his way when he is trying to bully people.

4) Be meek to him. Again, as difficult as this may seem to be, it is highly important for him to see Christ in you so he can learn to be more Christ-like.

5) Help him when circumstances allow. [That is when the bad-willed choleric becomes more receptive.] This is an additional way to show him Christ-like charity by helping the bad-willed choleric to become reasonable. Help him to see his false reasoning.

6) Remind yourself that you have to save your own soul. As Our Lord tells us to be careful to remove the beam in our own eyes before attempting to remove the mote in our neighbor’s eye, we must remain calm and have peace of soul while we work diligently on our salvation. We must remember that helping other souls is primarily God’s work, and we are simply His instruments when He allows us to benefit others. Watch and pray for the circumstances to be favorable to help the choleric, for example, when he becomes more receptive.

A Preview …

In our next lesson we will discuss more ways a choleric can be on the alert for his pride and how to master his pride. In addition to this, we will begin to discuss the associated weaknesses, such as, anger and how a choleric can better understand how this passion works in him. In this way he can use this passion properly and avoid further harm to his soul.

1 These weaknesses will be bolded later as they appear in the text for easy reference back to this list.

To Receive Our Lord’s Help on Earth and for Your Salvation, Read On

1

If you want daily help in your state of life, whether you are married, a consecrated religious, or single, develop a devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. In the 17th Century, Our Lord appeared to St. Margaret Mary and revealed to her His 12 Promises to those who have a devotion to His Sacred Heart and who promote this devotion.

Devotion to the Sacred Heart is a very certain way of becoming holy; Our Lord Himself gave us this devotion as a supreme means to gain our love.

To practice this devotion, it is very helpful to read, from time to time, the 12 wonderful Promises that Our Lord made to everyone who practices devotion to His Sacred Heart. These Promises reveal in the clearest possible way the immense personal and tender love Our Lord has for us.

Therefore, we should read them, slowly and carefully, at least on the First Friday of every month. They will awaken in our hearts boundless confidence in Our Lord.

All the 12 Promises are most important, but we call attention very especially to the 11th Promise:

Those who spread this devotion will have their names written on My Sacred Heart, never to be effaced!

We must repeat frequently the ejaculation:

Sacred Heart of Jesus, I have confidence in Thee, boundless confidence for everything.

This ejaculation is so powerful and efficacious that it has been called “The miraculous ejaculation.”

We ought to have a picture of the Sacred Heart, not only in our homes but in every room and on our writing table, just as we have the photograph of our dear mother. We can say frequently, “Jesus, I love You.”

No mother, no father, no brother or friend loves us so tenderly as Jesus does.

Those who practice devotion to the Sacred Heart in this simple and easy way have a guarantee of receiving the wonderful favors promised by Our Lord.

This Devotion to the Sacred Heart should be part of all religious instruction from early childhood to the time of death.

Well, that’s it: an easy way to become holy, with Our Lord’s promised help for our state of life on earth, and much help for our salvation.

1 The following is taken from An Easy Way to Become a Saint. Tan Books and Publishers, Rockford, Ill., 1990, pp. 60-61.


Are We Allowed to Decide that Pope Francis Knows He Is Not Catholic?

Catholic Candle note: Sedevacantism is wrong and is (material or formal) schism. Catholic Candle is not sedevacantist. We recommend a small book explaining the errors of sedevacantism. It is available:

Below is the second of a series of articles which cover specific aspects of the error of sedevacantism. The first article of this series can be found here: If a pope publicly preaches heresy, does he cease to be pope?: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/09/26/cc-in-brief-sedevacantist-questions/


Are We Allowed to Decide that Pope Francis Knows He Does Not Qualify as a Catholic?

We previously saw1 that a pope does not cease to be pope simply because he plainly (manifestly2) and publicly preaches heresy unless he also knows that what he teaches is incompatible with being Catholic – that is, unless he is a formal heretic. But I have a follow-up question:

Q. Don’t Pope Francis’s words and actions show that he knows that what he is teaching is incompatible with being a Catholic?

A. No. Pope Francis’s words and actions do not conclusively show that, nor has he ever told us that he knows that his beliefs are incompatible with being a Catholic. It is the sin of rash judgment to conclude that he knows of such incompatibility without our having proof which allows no doubt whatsoever. Let us explain more fully.

If we were to judge someone to be a formal heretic, we would be judging him to have mortal sin on his soul, since formal heresy always brings interior culpability for mortal sin. If someone says he is Catholic and we were to judge him to be a formal heretic, we would be concluding that such a person “really knows” that he denies what the Church (God) teaches us that we must believe, but that he won’t admit the “fact”. Making this judgment is the sin of rash judgment. But in order to explain this, we must first see that God made our intellects to be perfected by universal truth and we must distinguish this truth from opinions about individual matters.


Unchangeable Truth, the Good of the Intellect

God wills men to know the unchanging truth. There are innumerable such truths. To take two simple examples: 1) the whole is greater than its own part; and 2) 4 + 4 = 8.

The truths of our Holy Catholic Faith are unchangeable truths and are especially perfecting for our intellects. Two quick examples of this are: 1) God has no body; and 2) The Blessed Virgin Mary was assumed into heaven body and soul.

Unchangeable truths, most of all the Holy Catholic Faith, perfect our intellects. In other words, such truths make our intellects good. In seeking the truth, we should strive to be completely objective in knowing things exactly as they are.3 For this reason, when determining whether a particular statement is against the Catholic Faith, we should judge the statement with complete objectivity.

By contrast, when we judge the motives or culpability of persons, we must judge in the best possible light, not with complete “even-handed objectivity”. This is true even if we were usually wrong about such a person’s culpability.4 Judgments about the culpability of our neighbor are singular, contingent facts (in contrast to eternal, unchangeable truth) and such singular facts do not perfect our intellect. It is better to be usually wrong making too-favorable a judgment about a person’s culpability than to be wrong even occasionally, making too negative a judgment.5 Such an unproven, negative judgment about a person’s culpability is called “rash judgment”.6

For this reason, when determining whether a person is blamable for holding an objectively heretical opinion, we should not judge his interior culpability with complete objectivity but rather, in the best possible light (if we judge at all). For, as St. Thomas explains, following St. Augustine: “Our Lord forbids rash judgment, which is about the inward intention or other uncertain things”.

If a man says he is a Catholic and says that he believes that a Catholic is permitted to hold the opinions that he does, we should judge him in the best possible light and not assume he “knows” his position is contrary to the Catholic Faith, but that he won’t admit the “fact”. Nor should we assume that, just because we are unsuccessful in changing his opinion, that this means the man “knows” his position is contrary to what he must believe in order to be Catholic.

Thus, it is good to judge objectively the errors themselves, taught by Pope Francis (or others), because the truth of statements should be judged “evenhandedly” and objectively. But it is rash to judge Pope Francis’s culpability with objective “even-handedness” and assume he certainly “knows” that he holds heresy and thus, is not “really” Catholic (and pope).

To the extent we judge Pope Francis’s interior culpability at all, we must judge in the best possible light. Thus, we would judge him to be a material heretic (not a formal heretic) and judge him to still be Catholic (as he professes to be) and to still be the pope (as he professes to be).

Similarly, whatever objective heresies are held by the 1.2 billion people who profess to be Catholic, we should judge their interior culpability in the best possible light (if we judge at all). We should not conclude they are formal heretics and are not “real” Catholics (as the sedevacantists judge them).


It is Rash Judgment to Judge a Person’s Interior Culpability

When can we conclude someone is a Formal Heretic?

We could conclude Pope Francis were a formal heretic if he announced that he did not believe what the Church (God) teaches that a Catholic must believe now. We would not be judging him rashly because we would merely believe what he tells us about himself.

Let us take the example of a man committing an objective sin of theft as he leaves a restaurant, taking an umbrella that does not belong to him. This objective theft is a “material theft” only, when he believes that this umbrella belongs to him. Further, in order to avoid rashly judging him, we should not rashly assume that he knew better and so committed the subjective, interior sin of theft. But if this man tells us that he took the umbrella knowing that it does not belong to him, then our believing him (that he is a thief) is not rash judgment any more than our believing that a man is a formal heretic when he tells us that he knows that what he believes is incompatible with being Catholic.

However, it is rash to judge the interior culpability of Pope Francis (or anyone else) and conclude he is a formal heretic simply because he is a material heretic, i.e., has heretical opinions and refuses to be corrected by traditional Catholics.


Protecting Ourselves from Evil Without Judging Interior Culpability

Of course, even giving the benefit of the doubt and judging that someone is not a formal heretic (if we judge him at all), does not mean we should accept him as our child’s catechism teacher. For our child would be harmed by his errors, however interiorly blameless the man might (hypothetically) be in professing heresy.

Without judging someone’s interior culpability, we should take into account the person’s wrong-doing (which we must judge objectively). For when a man is prone to take other people’s umbrellas, we should keep a close eye on our own umbrella (when he is present) even if every umbrella that he has ever taken in the past was taken innocently.

Likewise, we should warn people not to read a particular book which contains heresy even if the author of that book teaches these errors innocently. We should be wary and warn others, simply based on the book teaching error, whether the author is interiorly culpable or not.

Judging any person to be interiorly culpable for his sinful act only results in concluding his soul is lower with regards to our own soul, than would be true if he were not culpable. But our rashly judging his interior culpability in this way does not allow us to protect ourselves any better than if we didn’t rashly judge him.


But isn’t it “Obvious” that Pope Francis is a Formal Heretic?

But “rash judgers” would exclaim that it is “obvious” that the man (in the example above) knows he is taking someone else’s umbrella (and is therefore interiorly culpable), because his own umbrella is a different color or because he did not bring his own umbrella with him today. Notice the hidden assumptions within the “rash-judger’s” conclusion. He assumes that the “umbrella thief” remembers which umbrella he brought today. St. Thomas replies about such rash judgment:

It is better to err frequently through thinking well of a wicked man, than to err less frequently through having an evil opinion of a good man.7

Similarly, “rash judgers” say the pope is “obviously” a formal heretic. They say he “must” know he denies Church teaching because he was trained in the Catholic Faith before Vatican II or that his errors have been pointed out to him. Notice the hidden assumptions in the “rash judger’s” conclusion. He assumes that the “heretic” had a good (or at least an average) Catholic education, or that if he had a good education but later fell into heresy, that he knew it was heresy. St. Thomas replies to these “rash judgers” that we must not judge based on such probabilities and assumptions.8

We are not obliged to search for an explanation of how the pope (or anyone else) might not be blamable for whatever objective heresy he holds. The members of the post-Vatican II hierarchy are not stupid, but they received an extremely bad philosophical formation, including the principle (which is at the root of modernism) that all truth evolves. By contrast, all correct reasoning (and the Catholic Faith) relies on the philosophical principle that there is eternal, unchanging truth.

In his masterful treatment of modernism, Pope St. Pius X explained that modernists profess that all truth changes:

[T]hey have reached that pitch of folly at which they pervert the eternal concept of truth …. [They say] dogma is not only able, but ought to evolve and to be changed. … Thus far, Venerable Brethren, We have considered the Modernist as a philosopher.9

Thus, because of bad philosophy, modernists think a dogma used to be true (and used to be taught by the Church) but is no longer true or taught by the Church. This explains why the present hierarchy treats the Church’s past teaching, not as false at the previous time, but as “obsolete” or no longer binding. For example, Pope Benedict XVI treated the (truly infallible) teachings in the syllabi of Pope Pius IX and Pope St. Pius X as if they were now-outdated and no longer true. He says that:

[T]here are decisions of the Magisterium that cannot be a last word on the matter as such, but are, in a substantial fixation of the problem, above all an expression of pastoral prudence, a kind of provisional disposition. Its nucleus remains valid, but the particulars, which the circumstances of the times have influenced, may need further ramifications. In this regard, one may think of the declarations of popes in the last century about religious liberty, as well as the anti-Modernist decisions at the beginning of this century, above all, the decisions of the Biblical Commission of the time. As a cry of alarm in the face of hasty and superficial adaptations, they will remain fully justified. A personage such as Johann Baptist Metz said, for example, that the Church’s anti-Modernist decisions render the great service of preserving her from immersion in the liberal-bourgeois world. But in the details of the determinations they contain, they become obsolete after having fulfilled their pastoral mission at the proper moment.10

Again, we are not obliged to search for an explanation of how post-Vatican II Catholics (including the pope) avoid being formal heretics. It suffices that we judge them (if at all) in the most favorable light. Even if a modernist were absolutely clear in denying a dogma (such as our Lady’s Assumption), it would not necessarily mean he was a formal heretic and that he ceased to be Catholic. This is true even assuming that he knows the Church defined the Assumption as a dogma. For a modernist could think the particular dogma had previously been true and Catholics used to be required to believe it, but that this particular truth has changed.


Such changeability of truth is a philosophical error underlying modernism.

However, the unchangeability of truth is not itself a dogma of the Faith although this philosophical principle underlies Church dogma as well as every natural truth. A person who holds a (materially) heretical position does not become a formal heretic unless he knows that the Catholic Church not only used to teach a particular dogma, but still teaches it and that we must believe it now, in order to be Catholic now.

A modernist could think that Catholics of a past age would have been required to be martyred rather than deny a particular dogma even though that same modernist thinks that the “former” dogma is now no longer even true. The false philosophy underlying modernism corrodes the mind but can be one of many reasons why various modernists are material heretics but not formal heretics. For us, though, “it is better to err frequently through thinking well of a wicked man, than to err less frequently through having an evil opinion of a good man”.11


Summary of this present article

A person could profess heresy but still be Catholic, if he were a material heretic only. We must not judge a man’s interior culpability. Therefore, we must not judge a man to be a formal heretic if he professes to be Catholic and says he believes what a Catholic must believe now, in order to be Catholic now.

If we judge them at all, we must judge in the most favorable light the interior culpability of the pope and the 1.2 billion people who profess to be Catholic. We must not judge they are not “real” Catholics.

Thus, we must judge Pope Francis to be a material heretic, not a formal heretic, and that he is the pope. If the world’s 1.2 billion self-described Catholics hold heresy, we judge them to be material heretics only unless they themselves tell us that they know they don’t believe what is necessary for them to be Catholic.


Further Objection

But how can rash judgment be forbidden when the hierarchy of the Church has excommunicated heretics throughout the history of the Church? That question raises the important topic of excommunications and judgments made in the “external forum” (as it is called). But that topic must wait for another “day” and a different article.

1 See the first article of this series, which can be found here: If a pope publicly preaches heresy, does he cease to be pope?: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/09/26/cc-in-brief-sedevacantist-questions/

2 Rather than using this traditional Thomistic distinction (as they should), some writers speak of knowing the pope has lost his papal office when his heresy is “manifest”.


The word “manifest” means “readily perceived by the senses and especially by the sense of sight”. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/manifest


Taking those writers’ statements to mean that we know a pope has lost his office when his formal heresy is manifest, the statement is true. So, for example, we would know that a pope is not Catholic (and so he is not the head of the Church) if he tells us that he no longer believes what a Catholic must believe presently in order to be Catholic.


But taking those writers’ statements to mean that we know a pope has lost his office when his material heresy is manifest, such statements are false, since a pope has not lost his office by ignorantly teaching a material heresy which he believes to be part of the Catholic Faith, regardless of how public the pope’s false opinion (material heresy) is and how widely it has spread.


Thus, for example, Pope John XXII ignorantly denied part of the Deposit of the Catholic Faith and caused an international uproar by his widely spread, manifest teaching of material heresy. Pope John XXII was a manifest material heretic but remained pope because he was not a formal heretic.

3 Here is how St. Thomas explains this principle:

[W]hen we judge of things … there is question of the good of the person who judges [viz., the good of his intellect], if he judges truly, and of his evil [viz., of his intellect] if he judges falsely, because “the true is the good of the intellect, and the false is its evil”, as stated in [Aristotle’s] Ethics, bk.6, ch.2. Wherefore, everyone should strive to make his judgment accord with things as they are.


Summa, IIa IIae, Q.60, a.4, ad 2 (emphasis and bracketed words added).

4 Here is how St. Thomas explains this important point:


It is one thing to judge of things and another to judge of men. … [W]hen we judge of men, the good and evil in our judgment is considered chiefly on the part of the person about whom judgment is being formed. For he is deemed worthy of honor from the very fact that he is judged to be good, and deserving of contempt if he is judged to be evil. For this reason, we ought, in this kind of judgment, to aim at judging a man good, unless the contrary is proven. … [We] may happen to be deceived more often than not. Yet it is better to err frequently through thinking well of a wicked man, than to err less frequently through having an evil opinion of a good man, because in the latter case an injury is inflicted, but not in the former. … And though we may judge falsely, our judgment in thinking well of another pertains to our goodwill toward him and not to the evil of the intellect, even as neither does it pertain to the intellect’s perfection to know the truth of contingent, singular facts in themselves.


Summa, IIa IIae, Q.60, a.4, ad 1-2 (emphasis added).

5 St. Thomas Aquinas teaches the same thing in his Lectures on St. Matthew’s Gospel. He explains that, when Our Lord says “Judge not”, this applies:


insofar as regard those things which are not committed to our judgment. Judgment is the Lord’s; He has committed to us the judgment about exterior things, but He has retained to Himself judgment about interior things. Do not therefore judge concerning these; …. For no one ought to judge about another that he is a bad man: for doubtful things are to be interpreted according to the better part.


St. Thomas Aquinas, Lectures on St. Matthew’s Gospel, lectures on chapter 7, §1.

6 Summa, IIa IIae, Q.60, a.2, Respondeo.

7

Summa, IIa IIae, Q.60, a.4, ad 1.

8 Summa, IIa IIae, Q.60, a.4, ad 1.

9 Pascendi Dominici Gregis, Pope St. Pius X, September 8, 1907, §§ 13-14 (emphasis added).


10 Cardinal Ratzinger, June 27 1990 L’Osservatore Romano, p.6 (emphasis added).


11 Summa, IIa IIae, Q.60, a.4, ad 1.

Our Duty to Vote for the Least-Bad Political Candidate

Q. Should I vote in the up-coming election even though none of the candidates are good?

A. We live in a great apostasy which includes civil society (which is former Christendom) rejecting its King, Who is Christ, and rejecting His laws.

Before considering the obligation to vote, let us first note that there are many errors and flaws related to the election systems of former Christendom.


All Power is from God; the People Can Merely Choose the Ruler to Exercise this Power

For example, elections give the appearance that authority comes from the people, whereas all authority really comes from God, regardless of the method by which a ruler is chosen to wield civil or religious power. Here is how St. Paul teaches this truth:

[T]here is no power but from God: and those [powers] that are, are ordained of God. Therefore, he that resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God. And they that resist, purchase to themselves damnation. … For [the ruler] is God’s minister. … Wherefore, be subject of necessity, not only for [the ruler’s] wrath, but also for conscience’s sake.

Romans, ch.13, vv. 1-2 & 4-5 (emphasis added).

God also declares: “By Me kings reign, and lawgivers decree just things; by Me princes rule, and the mighty decree justice.” Proverbs, 8:15-16.


We Live in a Republic; It is our Duty to Vote

The enemies of Christ pretend that “democracy” and the right to vote are unalienable rights and are a matter of justice. This is false. In fact, kingship is the best form of government1 and kingship is the form of government that God chose for His Church. In fact, universal suffrage is a very bad idea.2

However, in the world we live in, as Pope Pius XII noted, “The people are called on to take an always larger part in the public life of the nation”.3 Thus, because we have this delegation of responsibility to select our nation’s rulers, and as Pope Pius XII also noted, “the exercise of the right to vote is an act of grave moral responsibility”4, it is our moral obligation to vote as part of doing the best we are able to cause the least-bad candidate to get into office.


Voting Requires Preparation and Deliberation, because Almost Never are There “Perfect Candidates” Available.

Some of us on the Catholic Candle Team have been voting-age for many decades. We have always voted because it is our duty. But we hold that none of the candidates in any of the elections in which we voted have ever been excellent and correct on every important issue. The candidates have usually been very far from excellent.

In fact, we think it is highly likely that even in Pope Pius XII’s time, there were no candidates for major, national offices whose positions across the board matched Catholic teachings. In other words, it has probably been the case for many decades that most Catholics worldwide have been in the position of choosing between the greater and the lesser evil.

Here in the United States, none of us at Catholic Candle have ever seen a candidate who was fully good in every important way. But on the other hand, we also have never seen a major, national election in which all of the candidates were “equally bad”. Every candidate is a different mixture of good and bad.

This is true in the 2024 elections. For example, Kamala Harris is clearly more evil in countless ways, than is Donald Trump. Whereas Trump has weakened greatly on abortion and now favors permitting abortion in various circumstances, nonetheless Harris is far more pro-abortion than Trump is.

Similarly, Trump promotes unnatural vices against the holy virtue of purity. But Harris not only does this but also promotes compelling the rest of us to cooperate with these evils (such as compelling a wedding cake decorator in Colorado to promote that type of vice).


Patriotism and the Fourth Commandment Apply

Patriotism is a moral virtue which is a “sub-virtue” falling under the virtue of piety.5 Further, patriotism is a duty falling under the Fourth Commandment.6 Obviously, patriotism and our duty to love our country does not mean that we must love the evil committed by our country’s rulers. This is like our duty to love our parents does not mean that we should love any sins they commit.


The General Principle: Do Good and Prevent Evil

The most basic principle of the Natural Law, which God has implanted in the heart of every man, is to do good and to avoid evil. We must live by this in our hearts, in our dealings with our neighbor, and especially with the Church and our nation. Therefore, we must do what we can to make our country better (or less-bad) just like we have a duty to make our parents better (or less-bad) when we have the opportunity. How can we have piety and suppose that we love our country or our parents if we don’t do what we can for their improvement?

Further, we belong to our parents and our family, in a way. Similarly, we belong to our country, in a way, as our big national family. Would it not be a sin of imprudence to not do what we can to prevent greater harm to ourselves and others through our allowing a more-evil candidate to be elected because of our own indolence and weakness in failing to do what we can to prevent this?


The Above General Principle as Applied to Voting: What do Church Authorities say?

The above general principle applies directly to voting. We have a grave duty to do all that we can via our voting power to make our country better, or at least to prevent more damage from occurring – on the federal, state, and local levels. The sin of omission becomes graver when we fail to vote in elections for higher offices, because the damage done affects more people.

Here is how Pope Pius XII taught that we have a duty to vote for the candidates who give us sufficient assurances which cause us to think that they will be better or less-bad than the alternative candidates:

In the present circumstances, it is a strict obligation for all those who have the right to vote, men and women, to take part in the elections. Whoever abstains from doing so, in particular by indolence or weakness, commits a sin grave in itself, a mortal fault. Each one must follow the dictate of his own conscience. However, it is obvious that the voice of conscience imposes on every Catholic to give his vote to the candidates who offer truly sufficient guarantees for the protection of the rights of God and of souls, for the true good of individuals, families and of society, according to the love of God and Catholic moral teaching.7

Objection: “I cannot in good conscience vote because all the candidates support at least some serious evils. I will not take any part in their evil.”

This objection is, unfortunately, very common amongst Catholics, especially those who consider themselves “Traditional Catholics” – who are striving to live with a clean conscience – that one cannot vote except for a candidate whose positions on all major issues – especially moral issues – are in line with Church teachings. This is a sufficiently common opinion that the remainder of this article will deal with this scruple.

Cardinal Griffin of Westminster England stated that some people excuse themselves from voting on the grounds that all of the politicians are corrupt. He calls this excuse a “boast” because these persons are boasting that their standards are so high that their standards do not allow them to vote for one of the available candidates. Cardinal Griffin condemned this position as follows:

There are some who boast that because of the corruption of politicians they refuse to vote. It is my duty to tell you that the Catholic citizen has an obligation to vote. The Holy Father himself recently declared that when grave issues are at stake to neglect to vote may be a serious sin of omission.8

Notice Cardinal Griffin does deny that the politicians are corrupt, but rather, he tells us that we have a duty to vote regardless. So, obviously, this vote must be for the best alternative among the available candidates, even if they are all corrupt in one way or another.

Archbishop John McNicholas of Cincinnati, wrote at least three pastoral letters on the obligation of using the franchise [i.e., the right to vote]. In 1929, 1935, and 1939 he sent out messages to be read in all the churches on the importance of voting and the obligation binding upon us all. He asked that both men and women “vote in all elections” and “to make a sacrifice to discharge this important civic duty.”9

Cardinal Ruffini, Archbishop of Palermo, and the hierarchy of Sicily declared that: “No one should abstain from voting for any reason whatsoever”.10

In his 1952 book on the duty to vote, Fr. Titus Cranny explicitly sets forth our obligation to vote even in the situation where it is necessary to choose between candidates who are both bad. Fr. Cranny explains,


It might even be necessary to vote for such an unworthy candidate (if the voting were limited to such personalities) and even for one who would render harm to the Church, provided the election were only a choice from among unworthy men and the voting for the less unworthy would prevent the election of another more unworthy.11

Two Further Objections

Certain Catholics might make one of the following objections to the clear teaching of Pope Pius XII. These two objections focus on the pope’s use of the phrase “In the present circumstances” (where we quote him above).


Objection #1:

If there arises an election in which every candidate available is wrong on at least one very grave moral issue such as murder (abortion, euthanasia, etc.) or an issue involving the 6th / 9th Commandments (unnatural vice, etc.) then one is no longer obligated to vote. In fact – according to this objection – this is why Pope Pius XII, in the above quote, qualified his assertion that Catholics are obligated to vote, with the words, “In the present circumstances …” By those words – according to this objection – the pope was referencing the state of things in his time, which were nowhere near as bad, morally speaking, as our times. But if – according to this objection – Pope Pius XII lived in 2024, seeing that every candidate in the U.S. presidential election takes at least one great evil position on morals, he would advise Catholics that they are no longer obligated to vote.

Response to Objection #1:

The first problem with this objection is its overly-rosy view of history. Again, historically speaking, it is highly unlikely that even in Pope Pius XII’s time, there existed any candidates for major offices who took the correct Catholic position “across the board” on all serious moral issues.12 Pope Pius XII’s phrase, “In the present time” should not be interpreted as if he were saying:

In my time, there is still always available at least one candidate in every major election who takes all the Catholic positions on every major moral issue, although I recognize that such candidate might well have wrong positions on less-serious matters. Thus, Catholics are obliged to vote.

Rather, the pope meant this:

In my time [just as in 2024], there exists no candidates who are correct on all serious moral positions, but there are some candidates who have more such positions correct than other candidates.

His words “In the present circumstances…” allude to the fact that, in his time just as in our time, things had not yet become so bad that all candidates were virtually indistinguishable because they were all equally evil. Rather, there were still candidates who were better than others.

The second problem with this objection is that it is a “perfectionist” position, and sacrifices the good which can be done, for the sake of the hypothetical and always fleeting “best”. Such a position fails to take into account a man’s grave duty to do what he can to help his nation in whatever circumstances he finds himself.

The third problem with this objection is that, at the bottom of this position is also a misunderstanding of material vs. formal cooperation in evil. When we vote for less-evil candidates, we are not saying, “I think it is a good thing absolutely speaking that this lesser-evil candidate gets into office, and I wish for the evil that he will do alongside of the good he will do.” Rather, our intention in voting is (and should be), “I think it is a good thing relatively speaking that this candidate gets into office. His winning the election is good only relative to the greater evil which would come about if I did not vote and the worse candidate is elected. I do not will the evil things he does, but I will only the good things and also the prevention of evil that would otherwise occur.”13

Also, notice that no Church authority ever says “don’t vote for the least bad candidate.” Instead, they say “vote for the candidate who gives assurances he will do good”. In fact, less-bad candidates do this too. For example, Trump assures us that he will fight to criminalize “gender transitioning” which occurs without parental consent.14 Although this position certainly does not make him a perfect candidate, it does make him better than Harris on this important issue.


Direct vs. Indirect Control over the Issues at Stake

Here is another way to see the error in this objection to voting: During an election in which all candidates hold at least some evil positions, we cannot directly control whether those evils happen. That is, we are not voting on whether that candidate should hold those evil ideas and goals, whether those positions are good or evil, or whether we support those positions.

Rather, when voting we are merely choosing between two (or more) candidates. We are voting on candidates, not issues. We are not answering the question, “Do you approve in any way, and desire in any way, these evil positions of the candidate you are voting for?”

Instead, we are merely saying this: “I have done the best I can to judge which candidate is better (or less-bad) for my nation, and I am choosing that candidate over the others.” As with most elections, including this 2024 presidential election, we have little or no control over the candidates’ ideas and goals; we can merely do our best to limit the damage and do whatever good that we can.

This is very different from a direct-control situation. For example, sometimes in state or local elections, there are referenda issues in which we voters can directly control an outcome, via a “yes/no” type answer to a proposed question. In fact, sometimes these questions are very important such as, “Do you approve an amendment to your state’s constitution which says [such-and-such] about abortion?”

These referenda situations are very different from choosing between candidates who hold some evil positions, because whether or not we cast a vote for one of the candidates, we cannot prevent a candidate from being elected to the office anyway. The evil he will do is out of our control; we can only try to limit the damage. By contrast, in a referendum, we bear some direct responsibility for a particular evil (or good) coming about by our choice. Because of this, additional moral principles are involved in our choice there – principles such as that of material cooperation with evil, the principle of double-effect, and so on. (Perhaps a future Catholic Candle article will address such situations.)


Objection #2: A variation on the above objection is even more extreme and more evil:

If there arises an election in which every candidate available is wrong on at least one very grave moral issue such as murder (abortion, euthanasia, etc.) or a 6th / 9th issues (unnatural vice, etc.), then not only is one no longer obligated to vote, but it is actually a sin for a Catholic to vote in such elections, since to vote would mean we are formally cooperating with evil.


Response to Objection #2:

This position suffers from all the deficiencies of the immediately-preceding objection. But it is even more evil because it masquerades under the false character of virtue and righteousness. It is based on the scruple that helping a man to get into office even though he holds some evil positions, is effectively equal to formally cooperating with that candidate’s sins when in office. But again, if our intentions when voting do not include any desires for objectively evil things, and if we desire only the good which results from the candidate being a lesser evil, then we are doing the most good that we can by choosing the better (least-bad) candidate.15

Further, convincing other Catholics to take such an unreasonably extreme and dangerous position not only prevents otherwise good Catholics from doing their best to prevent evil in the current election, but also instills in them false principles which will, practically speaking, prevent them from probably ever voting again. This is because doing nothing to prevent a very-evil candidate from taking power (as is clearly the case with Kamala Harris), allows the foothold of evil to become stronger, making it more likely there will never be a good candidate in an honest (non-fraudulent) future election.

Confused Catholics who take such false and scrupulous positions would do well to remember Pope St. Felix’s maxim:

Not to oppose error is to approve it, and not to defend truth is to suppress it, and indeed to neglect to confound evil men when we can do it, is no less a sin than to encourage them.16

Another way to see that such a “perfectionist” and scrupulous position is mistaken is to merely look back through history. There has never been a presidential election in the United States in which there was a major candidate who took “all the right positions” on all serious moral issues. Catholics who claim it is moral to refuse to vote when all the candidates have at least one serious moral issue, would have been forced to not vote in any U.S. presidential election in our history because all of the candidates in every one of those elections took bad positions on important moral issues.

We suspect confused Catholics take this dangerous position because Trump has lately weakened on his stance on abortion. But abortion has never been the only serious moral evil he promoted. For example, even back in 2016 when Trump campaigning for president, he was already soft on, and supportive of, unnatural vice.17 What did those Catholics do in 2016 who now hold the position that Catholics cannot vote in 2024?

A Few Scenarios

Finally, here are a few scenarios which might make it easier for a Catholic to discern the right thing to do in various political circumstances.

Scenario 1:

Suppose that, in an election, there is one candidate who has all the correct positions on major moral issues. Then all Catholics would be clearly bound to vote for that candidate, even if he were wrong on lesser issues, such as economic issues.


Scenario 2: [Our situation in 2024]

Suppose that in a major election both candidates have some serious moral issues wrong, but there is one candidate who has more-correct (less bad) positions than the other. Then all Catholics would be bound to vote for that candidate, even if he were wrong on lesser issues, such as economic issues as long as the country/state would be better (or less-bad) with such candidate in office, compared to the worse candidate.


Scenario 3: [As the world becomes darker – the future]

Suppose (for the sake of a hypothetical example) that in a major election there are 100 extremely serious moral issues at stake – issues on par with abortion and other forms of murder, unnatural vice, and so on.18 Suppose one candidate is wrong on all 100, and the other is wrong on 99, but has the correct position on one important moral issue. Then all Catholics would be bound to vote for that candidate, even if he were also wrong on the other 99 important moral issues and on lesser matters, as long as the country/state would be better (or less-bad) with such candidate in office, compared to the worse candidate. This is because we have the duty to do what we can to help our country be better (or less bad).


Scenario 4: [Near the end of time?]

Suppose (for the sake of a hypothetical example) that in a major election there are 100 extremely serious moral issues at stake – issues on par in importance with abortion and other forms of murder, unnatural vice, and so on.19 Suppose both candidates are wrong on all 100, but one candidate takes some correct positions on significant, although lesser-important issues (such as fighting corruption in government). Then all Catholics would be bound to vote for that candidate who is the lesser of two evils as long as the country/state would be better (or less-bad) with such candidate in office, compared to the worse candidate.


Conclusion

Given that:

  • Issues of morality in society have the most weight; 

  • But other issues (e.g., fighting corruption in government) have some but lesser weight than those moral issues in society; and 

  • After careful comparison of the candidate, if there is any basis, large or small, because of which one candidate would be better (less bad) for the nation,  

Then, we are bound to vote because we are bound to help our nation become better or less bad. 

The only time we would not be bound to vote is the extremely unlikely scenario in which there is no discernible greater good or lesser-evil between the candidates.  We at Catholic Candle have never seen anything even remotely close to that situation in our many years of voting, and this is why we have always held that we have a duty to vote in all federal, state, and local elections.

1 See the explanation of St. Thomas Aquinas, greatest Doctor of the Catholic Church, in his treatise On Kingship. See also the teaching of Pope Pius VI:


In fact, after having abolished the monarchy, the best of all governments, [the French Revolution] had transferred all the public power to the people — the people… ever easy to deceive and to lead into every excess ….


Pope Pius VI, Pourquoi Notre Voix, June 17, 1793 (emphasis added).

2 Here are the strong words given in an address of Pope Pius IX on universal suffrage May 5, 1874:


I bless all those who cooperate in the resurrection of France. I bless them in the hope that they will take up a difficult but necessary task, that of eliminating or reducing a horrible plague afflicting contemporary society, known as universal suffrage. To leave the decision of the most serious questions to the necessarily unintelligent and passionate multitudes, is it not to surrender oneself to random chance and to run voluntarily into the abyss? Yes, universal suffrage would be more deserving of the name of “universal madness”; and when secret societies get hold of it, as happens all too often, that of “universal lie”.

Emphasis added.

3 Pope Pius XII in his April 20, 1946, discourse to Italian Catholic Action. In this quote the word “is” was changed to “are” for clarity. The pope was apparently using the noun “people” to refer to a single body.

4 Pope Pius XII in his March 16, 1946 discourse to the parish priests of Rome.

5 Summa, IIa IIae, Q.101, a.1.

6 Summa, IIa IIae, Q.122, a.5.

7 Address of Pope Pius XII To Parish Priests, given on March 10, 1948 (emphasis added). This address is available here: http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/it/speeches/1948/documents/hf_p-xii_spe_19480310_intima-gioia.html


8 Quoted in The Catholic Mind, issue #46 1028 (August 1948), 534, as quoted in Catholic Principles, Oo the Obligation of Voting, by Rev. Titus Cranny, S.A., M.A.., S.T.L., The Catholic University of America Press, Washington, D.C., 1952, Section 4. Conditions Under Which One May Vote For Unworthy Candidates (emphasis added).

9 Quoted in The Catholic Mind, issue #26 (August 1948), p.254, as quoted in Catholic Principles, Oo the Obligation of Voting, by Rev. Titus Cranny, S.A., M.A.., S.T.L., The Catholic University of America Press, Washington, D.C., 1952, Section 4. Conditions Under Which One May Vote For Unworthy Candidates (emphasis added).

10 The Tablet (London), 191: 5624 (Mar. 6, 1948), 154, as quoted in Catholic Principles, Oo the Obligation of Voting, by Rev. Titus Cranny, S.A., M.A.., S.T.L., The Catholic University of America Press, Washington, D.C., 1952, Section 4. Conditions Under Which One May Vote For Unworthy Candidates (emphasis added).


.

11 Quoted in Catholic Principles, Oo the Obligation of Voting, by Rev. Titus Cranny, S.A., M.A.., S.T.L., The Catholic University of America Press, Washington, D.C., 1952, Section 4. Conditions Under Which One May Vote For Unworthy Candidates (emphasis added).


12 Again, by “moral issues” in this article, we are not speaking of lesser-moral issues such as unjust (excessive) taxation, or the government forcibly taking land from certain landowners, etc. Rather, we are focusing on the biggest moral issues: matters of human life/abortion/euthanasia/unjust wars and genocide, 6th / 9th issues, or – if this were the case – matters directly relating to God, such as blasphemy, sacrilege, etc.

13 Just as losing something good is regarded as evil, so also the removal or avoidance of an evil is correctly regarded as good. Summa, Ia, IIae, Q.36, a.1, ad.1. In this case, avoiding the election of a more evil candidate is correctly regarded as a good.


15 Again, as explained in footnote 9, just as losing something good is regarded as evil, so also the removal or avoidance of an evil is regarded as good. Summa, Ia, IIae, Q.36, a.1, ad.1. In this case, avoiding the election of a more evil candidate is correctly regarded as a good.


16 Pope Saint Felix III (reigned 483-492).


17 For example, see:




  • In a 2016 tweet, he stated, “Thank you to the LGBT community. I will fight for you while Hilary brings in more people who will threaten your freedom and beliefs.” https://youtu.be/NAOcfy5J2qw?t=48

  • He stated in 2016, “As your president, I will do everything in my power to protect our LGBTQ citizens from the violence and oppression of a hateful foreign ideology. Believe me.” https://youtu.be/NAOcfy5J2qw?t=77


18 Again, to keep this hypothetical example simple, let us exclude all lesser issues and imagine that there were somehow 100 very large moral issues at hand.

19

Again, to keep this hypothetical example simple, let us exclude all lesser issues and imagine that there were somehow 100 very large moral issues at hand.

Words to Live by – from Catholic Tradition


Let us gladly suffer out of love for God!


St. John of the Cross, the Mystical Doctor of the Church, tells us the importance of suffering out of love for God:

Suffering for God is better than working miracles.


Quoted from his work entitled Other Counsels, #13.

The Duties and Role that God has given Men

Catholic Candle note: Below is part 1 of a “companion” article to these two articles:


The Duties and Role that God has given Men

God created man to lead his family and society. He created the all-male clergy to lead the Church. But in all of those contexts, God gave this role and authority to man for the good of his family, society, and the Church, not merely to enable a man to fulfill his own selfish desires. St. Paul puts this same duty as follows:

We that are stronger, ought to bear the infirmities of the weak.

Romans, 15:1.

From this principle (which is a commandment) springs the unselfish gentlemanliness of a good man towards his family and also, secondarily, towards all women, children, and all those in need.

St. Paul explains how this true manliness is practiced in marriage, when he compares the husband to Christ Himself:

The husband is the head of the wife, as Christ is the head of the

Church.

Ephesians, 5:23.

We know that Christ has loved us and gave everything for our sake:

Walk in love, as Christ also hath loved us, and hath delivered Himself for us, an oblation and a sacrifice to God for an odor of sweetness.

Ephesians, 5:2.

Thus, a man must be Christ-like and be an oblation and a sacrifice first of all, for God, then for his wife and children. But after that, he must be a gentleman and be chivalrous for all women, children, and all those in need because:

We that are stronger, ought to bear the infirmities of the weak.

Romans, 15:1.

A man’s sacrificial love must extend to a man “delivering himself up for” his wife especially, in order to sanctify his wife, as St. Paul makes clear:

Husbands, love your wives, as Christ also loved the church, and delivered Himself up for it; that He might sanctify it, cleansing it by the laver of water in the word of life.

Ephesians, 5:25-6.

This shows that man must be a spiritual director of his wife.1 But this also shows that a man must have Christ’s spirit of self-sacrifice and this is eminently honorable, magnanimous, and manly.


Fatherhood and Manhood

Fatherhood and manhood are so intertwined that they are virtually inseparable. This is like the inextricable connection between womanhood and motherhood.2 A man who is not called to be the father to children in his own family, is still called to be a father in other ways, e.g., a priest, who is the spiritual father of a parish. There are also many other ways a man is called to be a father, a protector, an advisor, and a guide, such as an employer should be a father to his employees.3

So, fatherhood (patriarchy) is simply men fulfilling the role for which God created them and which role is His Will for them. Here is how anti-feminist author, Mrs. Donna Steichen, stated this truth of Nature and of the Catholic Faith:

The term patriarchy refers to the male-headed family form and social system expressed in Scripture and existing everywhere in human society. In the Church, it is a title referring to bishops who rank just below the Pope in jurisdiction, though Catholic feminists use the word to mean the male priesthood and the entire male hierarchy. In all cases, it is properly an office, not a declaration of qualitative superiority.4


St. Athanasius, a Model of Fatherhood

We see this fatherhood in the life and work of the great St. Athanasius, Doctor of the Church, in his care for his flock. Look at his fatherly solicitude for his flock in the letter below, written during the persecutions they suffered:

Letter of St. Athanasius to his flock

May God console you! … What saddens you … is the fact that others have occupied the churches by violence, while during this time you are on the outside. It is a fact that they have the premises – but you have the apostolic Faith. They can occupy our churches, but they are outside the true Faith. You remain outside the places of worship, but the Faith dwells within you. Let us consider: what is more important, the place or the Faith? The true Faith, obviously. Who has lost and who has won in this struggle – the one who keeps the premises or the one who keeps the Faith?

True, the premises are good when the apostolic Faith is preached there; they are holy if everything takes place there in a holy way. … You are the ones who are happy: you who remain within the church by your faith, who hold firmly to the foundations of the Faith which has come down to you from apostolic Tradition. And if an execrable jealousy has tried to shake it on a number of occasions, it has not succeeded. They are the ones who have broken away from it in the present crisis.

No one, ever, will prevail against your faith, beloved brothers. And we believe that God will give us our churches back some day.

Thus, the more violently they try to occupy the places of worship, the more they separate themselves from the Church. They claim that they represent the Church; but in reality, they are the ones who are expelling themselves from it and going astray.

Even if Catholics faithful to Tradition are reduced to a handful, they are the ones who are the true Church of Jesus Christ.


The Selfless Duty of a Man Corresponds to the Duty of Obedience of Those under His Care.

We saw above that God made man to be the leader of his family and made man to lead society and the Church. Along with this God-given role, God made man with the obligation to unselfishly fulfill his role for the good of those under his care. This is the natural and supernatural source of the gentlemanliness and fatherliness that God intends to be part of manhood and to be exercised by men everywhere.

So just as God made parents to be wiser than the children whom they are raising and to be well-suited for directing their children, so God gave parents the corresponding duty to selflessly raise those children and to govern their children for the good of those children, rather than for any selfish advantage of the parents.

Because God made the father and the mother wiser and well-suited to direct their children, He declared that children have the corresponding obligation to the parents to be subject to them. Thus, God commands children:

Honor thy father and thy mother.

Exodus, 20:12.

So, we see that God requires the parents’ efforts to selflessly raise their children and requires the corresponding obedience of the children to enable the success of those efforts.

Analogously, just as God made man to be wiser than woman and to be adept at guiding her, so God gave man the duty to guide his wife selflessly and to govern her for her own good, rather than for any selfish advantage to himself.

As God requires the man’s diligent efforts to guide his wife, so God requires the obedience of the wife in a way analogous to the way that God requires the obedience of the children to both parents. Thus, God commands:

Let women be subject to their husbands, as to the Lord.

Ephesians, 5:22.

With children obeying their parents and with wives obeying their husbands, we see the orderliness and harmony of God’s All-Wise Plan.


Further Reflections on the Connection between a Man’s Duty to Selflessly Guide and His Wife’s Duty to Diligently Obey

St. John Chrysostom shows the orderliness and concord of God’s plan (i.e., the man’s selfless governing and the wife’s careful obedience), in these words addressed to each man:

Govern your wife, and thus will the whole house be in harmony. Hear what St. Paul says. ‘And if they [wives] would learn anything, let them ask their own husbands at home’ [1 Cor. 14:35].5

St. Paul shows a man’s selfless governing of his wife must be Christlike just as her diligent obedience to her husband must be like the obedience of the Church to Christ:

Wives, be in subjection unto your own husbands, as unto the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, as Christ also is the head of the Church: being Himself the Savior of the body. But as the Church is subject to Christ, so let the wives also be to their husbands in everything.

Ephesians, 5:22-24.


The Obedience We Must Give to Those Whom God Places over Us Is Not Vexing

Some women, with a less womanly (and more tom-boyish or manly) spirit, might dislike the truth that they must obey their husbands. But women should no more be saddened by the Catholic Faith (and true philosophy – i.e., reason) telling them to obey their husbands, than children should be saddened to obey their parents raising them.

Similarly, laymen should not be saddened or minimize the obedience that God willed that they give to their priests and to the hierarchy throughout the entire history of the Church. To be saddened or to minimize the obedience we owe, shows an imperfect spirit and stinginess with God – just as (analogously) being saddened by the approach of Lent with its obligations of greater penance.

How happy and attractive is the willing obedience of children to their parents and students to their teachers! How happy and attractive is willing obedience of wives to their husbands, of laymen to the Church authorities, and of citizens to the rulers God has given to them!6


This Duty of a Man to Govern Well and the Duty of Obedience of those under his Care, Show the Orderliness of God’s Creation and His All-Wise Plan

God does everything is a way which is most orderly and perfect. Let us look at what is required for this orderliness.

Difference is the basis for the order in things. If there were no differences between things, there could be no order between them. The very idea of order includes within it the concept of priority and of posteriority, and hence, of difference and inequality. In fact, that very separateness, i.e., the distinctions among things, is the principle of all order.

Here is how St. Thomas Aquinas, greatest Doctor of the Church, teaches this important point, quoting Aristotle:

As the Philosopher says (Metaph. v, text. 16), the terms “before” and “after” are used in reference to some principle. Now order implies that certain things are, in some way, before or after. Hence, wherever there is a principle, there must needs be also order of some kind.

Summa, IIa IIae, Q.26, a.1 respondeo.


God makes creatures unequal.

God made difference and inequality in all creatures. As Ecclesiasticus teaches:

Why does one day excel another, and one light another, and one year another year…? By the knowledge of the Lord, they were distinguished.

Ecclesiasticus, Ch. 33, vv. 7-8.

Therefore, just as God’s Wisdom is the cause of His making all creatures, so His Wisdom is the cause of Him making creatures unequal.

Here is St. Thomas Aquinas’ fuller explanation of this truth:

[I]t must be said that as the wisdom of God is the cause of the distinction of things, so the same wisdom is the cause of their inequality. This may be explained as follows. A twofold distinction is found in things; one is a formal distinction as regards things differing specifically; the other is a material distinction as regards things differing numerically only. And as the matter is on account of the form, material distinction exists for the sake of the formal distinction. Hence, we see that in incorruptible things there is only one individual of each species, forasmuch as the species is sufficiently preserved in the one; whereas in things generated and corruptible there are many individuals of one species for the preservation of the species. Whence it appears that formal distinction is of greater consequence than material. Now, formal distinction always requires inequality, because as the Philosopher says (Metaph. viii, 10), the forms of things are like numbers in which species vary by addition or subtraction of unity. Hence, in natural things species seem to be arranged in degrees; as the mixed things are more perfect than the elements, and plants than minerals, and animals than plants, and men than other animals; and in each of these, one species is more perfect than others. Therefore, as the divine wisdom is the cause of the distinction of things for the sake of the perfection of the universe, so it is the cause of inequality. For the universe would not be perfect if only one grade of goodness were found in things.

Summa, Ia, Q.47, a.2 respondeo (emphasis added).

By making some creatures inferior to other creatures, the whole of creation is more perfect than it otherwise would be.

Here is St. Thomas Aquinas’ fuller explanation of this truth:

It is part of the best agent to produce an effect which is best in its entirety; but this does not mean that He makes every part of the whole the best absolutely, but in proportion to the whole; in the case of an animal, for instance, its goodness would be taken away if every part of it had the dignity of an eye. Thus, therefore, God also made the universe to be best as a whole, according to the mode of a creature; whereas He did not make each single creature best, but one better than another. And therefore, we find it said of each creature, “God saw the light, that it was good” (Genesis 1:4); and in like manner of each one of the rest. But of all together it is said, “God saw all the things that He had made, and they were very good” (Genesis 1:31).

Summa, Ia, Q.47, a.2, ad 1.

So, we see that the different roles of men and women are part of God’s wise plan and the order of the family and society. The man’s duty and the corresponding obedience of those under his care are an inequality which results in God’s creation being more orderly, since inequality is necessary for order.

That very idea of order includes within it the concept of priority and of posteriority, and hence, of difference. In fact, those very differences, i.e., the distinctions among people, is the essential principle of all familial, social, political, economic, military, and religious order. For example, in a proper military order, an army cannot have all generals or all privates. The army cannot have all equipment operators or all cooks. And so on.

St. Paul emphasizes that God made men unequal and made them to have different roles, strengths, and weaknesses. Here are St. Paul’s words:

For as the body is one, and hath many members; and all the members of the body, whereas they are many, yet are one body, so also is Christ. For in one Spirit were we all baptized into one body, whether Jews or Gentiles, whether bond or free; and in one Spirit we have all been made to drink. For the body also is not one member, but many. If the foot should say, because I am not the hand, I am not of the body; is it therefore not of the body? And if the ear should say, because I am not the eye, I am not of the body; is it therefore not of the body? If the whole body were the eye, where would be the hearing? If the whole were hearing, where would be the smelling? But now God hath set the members every one of them in the body as it hath pleased Him. And if they all were one member, where would be the body? But now there are many members indeed, yet one body. And the eye cannot say to the hand: I need not thy help; nor again the head to the feet: I have no need of you. Yea, much more those that seem to be the more feeble members of the body, are more necessary. And such as we think to be the less honorable members of the body, about these we put more abundant honor; and those that are our uncomely parts, have more abundant comeliness. But our comely parts have no need: but God hath tempered the body together, giving to that which wanted the more abundant honor, that there might be no schism in the body; but the members might be mutually careful one for another. And if one member suffers anything, all the members suffer with it; or if one member glory, all the members rejoice with it.

1 Corinthians, 12:12-27 (emphasis added).

As St. Paul shows us, God did not make every man to play whatever role that man chooses. Some men are made more honorable members of society, some, less. Some men are made the “eyes” of the collective group and some are made the “feet”. Id.

St. Paul emphasizes that these differences between men give rise to the obligation that “the members might be mutually careful one for another”. Id.

Part of this inequality which is planned by the Wisdom of God, is the inequality between men and women. Although, in a way, the Eternal Wisdom made all unequal creatures to be complementary (as well as unequal), this is especially true of men and women.

Thus, God made man and woman to be especially complementary because of the very different and harmonious roles that He intends them to have in life.

To Be Continued

1 Cf. 1 Corinthians, 14:34-35:

Let women keep silence in the churches: for it is not permitted them to speak, but to be subject, as also the law saith. But if they would learn anything, let them ask their husbands at home.

Emphasis added.

2 For an examination of the great role and crucial work of a woman’s life as provided by Catholic teaching and by the Natural Law, read this article:

https://catholiccandle.org/2019/12/02/the-role-and-work-that-god-gave-to-woman/

3

A business leader should be a father to his employees and should have care for their well-being. For example, he should not put them in moral danger arising out of their responsibilities at work or because of the atmosphere of the workplace.

The business leader should also give his workers a living wage which enables them to be the sole breadwinners (financial supports) for their wives and children. In other ways too, a business leader has a duty to do what he can to influence his employees for their eternal good.

Read more about this truth in Catholic Candle’s analysis of the evil Marxist program for “diversity and inclusion”. https://catholiccandle.org/2022/01/05/the-false-principle-of-diversity-and-inclusion/

4 Ungodly Rage, The Hidden Face of Catholic Feminism, By Mrs. Donna Steichen, Ignatius Press, San Francisco ©1991, page 226 (emphasis added).

5 Words of St. John Chrysostom, Doctor of the Church, quoted from his sermon #20 on Ephesians.

6 The civil law is an ordinance of reason for the Common Good, promulgated by him who has care of the community. Such civil laws are binding in conscience, that is, under pain of sin. Summa, Ia IIae, Q.90 & Q.96, a.4


Obviously, God does not require or permit us to follow the command of a superior who commands us to do something sinful. For we must “obey God rather than men”. Acts, 5:29.