Lesson #41: Temperaments – Choleric Temperament – a Choleric’s Spiritual Combat – Part VI

Philosophy Notes

Catholic Candle note: The article immediately below is part six of the study of the Choleric temperament.  The first five parts can be found here:

1.    Mary’s School of Sanctity – Lesson #36:  About the Temperaments – Beginning our Study of the Choleric Temperament: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/08/27/lesson-35-about-the-temperaments-the-choleric-temperament/

2.    Mary’s School of Sanctity – Lesson #37: About the Temperaments – Continuing Our Study of the Choleric Temperament: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/09/26/lesson-37-about-the-temperaments-continuation-of-the-choleric-temperament/

3.    Mary’s School of Sanctity – Lesson #38 — About the Temperaments – Continuing our Study of the Choleric Temperament – Their Spiritual Combat: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/10/24/lesson-38-temperaments-choleric-temperament-their-spiritual-combat/

4.    Mary’s School of Sanctity – Lesson #39 About the Temperaments – Continuing Our Study of the Choleric Temperament – That Temperament’s Spiritual Combat – Part IV: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/11/26/lesson-39-temperaments-choleric-temperament-their-spiritual-combat-part-iv/

 

5.    Mary’s School of Sanctity – Lesson #40: Temperaments – Choleric Temperament – Their Spiritual Combat – Part V: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/12/30/lesson-40-temperaments-choleric-temperament-their-spiritual-combat-part-v/

 

Mary’s School of Sanctity

Lesson #41 – About the Temperaments – Continuing Our Study of the Choleric Temperament: a Choleric’s Spiritual Combat — Part VI

Note: When referring to a person with a choleric temperament in this article we simply will refer to him as a choleric.

As we continue our study of the choleric temperament, we examine some aspects of anger more closely because anger is one of the most prominent features of the choleric temperament (and unreasonable anger is one of its greatest dangers).

In this present lesson, we will look more at what anger does to the body and the role that reason plays in anger.  This present examination of anger focuses on signs which a person can use to detect anger in himself.  We will see the importance of using these signs when we see (in a future article) what a great danger excess anger can be for a choleric.

What Does Anger Do to the Body?

St. Thomas explains that there is a bodily transmutation that occurs in the passions of the soul.  This transmutation is in proportion to the movement of appetite, that is, the desire.  He says that every appetite tends with greater force to repel that which is contrary to it.  Here is how he explains this concept with regards to the passion of anger:

Since the appetitive movement of anger is caused by some injury inflicted, as by a contrary that is present; it follows that the appetite tends with great force to repel the injury by the desire of vengeance; and hence ensures great vehemence and impetuosity in the movement of anger.   And because the movement of anger is not one of recoil, which corresponds to the action of cold, but one of prosecution, which corresponds to the action of heat, the result is that the movement of anger produces fervor of the blood and vital spirits around the heart, which is the instrument of the soul’s passions.  And hence it is that, on account of the heart being so disturbed by anger, those chiefly who are angry betray signs of it in their outer members.  For, as St. Gregory says [ De Moralis volume 30] the heart that is inflamed with the stings of its own anger beats quick, the body trembles, the tongue stammers, the countenance takes fire, the eyes grow fierce, they that are well-known are not recognized.  With the mouth indeed he shapes a sound, but the understanding knows not what it says.[1] 


How is reason involved with the passion of anger?

There are two aspects of the relationship of reason and anger that we will address at this time: 1) How anger requires an act of reason, and 2) how the heat of anger counteracts the proper use of the reason.

1) How anger requires an act of reason

In our last Lesson (#40), we discussed St. Thomas’s statement: “Anger is the desire to hurt another for the purpose of just vengeance.”  This just vengeance is as a repayment for an injury done.  There are a variety of types of injuries which we pointed out also in Lesson #40.  Reason is used in determining that an injury was done and what is proper to do about the injury.

St. Thomas explains for us how reason is involved in the passion of anger.  First, St.  Thomas quotes Aristotle saying, “Anger listens to reason somewhat,”[2] and afterward tells us the following:

Anger is a desire for vengeance.  However, vengeance implies a comparison between the punishment to be inflicted and the hurt done; wherefore the Philosopher says in Ethics Bk. 7 ch.6 #1149b1, that anger, as if it had drawn the inference that it ought to quarrel with such a person, is therefore immediately exasperated. However, to compare and to draw an inference is an act of reason.  Therefore, anger, in a fashion, requires an act of reason.[3]

Even though the passions are connected to our bodies in what is called the sensitive appetite or desire, St. Thomas makes it clear that our reason is certainly also involved in what we do with our passions, including anger.  He explains in these words:

The movement of the appetitive power may follow an act of reason in two ways.  In the first way, it follows the reason in so far as the reason commands: and thus the will follows reason, wherefore it is called the rational appetite.  In another way, it follows reason in so far as the reason denounces, and thus anger follows reason.  For the Philosopher says (De Problematibus section 28; probl. 3) that anger follows reason, not in obedience to reason’s command, but as a result of reason’s denouncing the injury.  Because the sensitive appetite is subject to the reason, not immediately but through the will.

We must keep in mind another aspect of anger, and that is, the second point given just above.

2) How the heat of anger counteracts the proper use of the reason.

St. Thomas relates what St. Gregory says in his De Moralis that anger “withdraws the light of understanding, since it [anger] confounds the mind by stirring it [the mind] thoroughly”.[4]

St. Thomas delves into the topic further as follows:

Although the mind or reason makes no use of a bodily organ in its proper act, yet, since it needs certain sensitive powers for the execution of its act, the acts of which powers are hindered when the body is disturbed, it follows of necessity that any disturbance in the body hinders even the judgment of reason; as is clear in the case of drunkenness or sleep. However, it has been stated (A. 2) that anger, above all, causes a bodily disturbance in the region of the heart, so much as to effect even the outward members. Consequently, of all the passions, anger is the most manifest obstacle to the judgment of reason, according to Ps. 30:10: “My eye is troubled with wrath.”[5]

St. Thomas adds:

The beginning of anger is in the reason, as regards the appetitive movement, which is the formal element of anger.  But the passion of anger forestalls the perfect judgment of reason, as though it listened but imperfectly to reason, on account of the commotion of the heat urging to instant action, which commotion is the material element of anger.  In this respect it hinders the judgment of reason.[6]

St. Thomas gives us an additional explanation about reason being hindered by anger.  He begins by quoting St. Gregory as saying, “when anger does not vent itself outwardly by the lips, inwardly it burns the more fiercely.”[7]

Then St. Thomas continues as follows:

As stated above (A. 3; Q. 46, A. 4), anger both follows an act of reason, and hinders the reason: and in both respects it may cause taciturnity [that is, being uncommunicative by speech].  On the part of the reason, when the judgment of reason prevails so far, that although it does not curb the appetite in its inordinate desire for vengeance, yet it curbs the tongue from unbridled speech. Wherefore Gregory says (Moral. v, 30): Sometimes when the mind is disturbed, anger, as if in judgment, commands silence.  On the part of the impediment to reason because, as stated above (A. 2), the disturbance of anger reaches to the outward members, and chiefly to those members which reflect more distinctly the emotions of the heart, such as the eyes, face, and tongue; wherefore, as observed above (A. 2), the tongue stammers, the countenance takes fire, the eyes grow fierce.  Consequently, anger may cause such a disturbance, that the tongue is altogether deprived of speech; and taciturnity is the result.[8]

This is an ideal time to turn our attention to our next points of investigation.    In our next lesson we will look at the dangers that may occur if one does not watch his anger closely and/or does not confirm if his anger is just.



[1]           This quote is taken from St. Thomas’s question, “Whether Anger above All Causes Fervor in the Heart?  Found in the  Summa Theologica  Ia IIae Q. 48 a.2 Respondeo

    

It is interesting to note a distinction that St. Thomas makes regarding fervor.  He says that the passion of love, which is the beginning and cause of all passions, itself, causes a heat of fervor.  Anger, too, causes a heat; however, the fervor caused by love differs from that of anger.   Furthermore, anger increases the fervor of love and makes it [love] to be felt more in the case where a person senses that what he loves is done an injury.  Here is St. Thomas’s explanation of the differences in fervor:

 

The fervor of love has a certain sweetness and gentleness; for it tends to the good that one loves, whence it is likened to the warmth of the air and of the blood.  For this reason, sanguine temperaments are more inclined to love; and hence the saying that love springs from the liver, because of the blood being formed there.  On the other hand, the fervor of anger has a certain bitterness with a tendency to destroy, for anger seeks to be avenged on the contrary evil: whence it [anger] is likened to the heat of fire and of the bile, and for this reason Damascene says in De Fide Orthodox that it [anger] ‘results from an exhalation of the bile whence it takes its name chole.’ (Taken from the Summa Theologica, Ia IIae, Q.48 a.2 ad.1.

 

[2]           Aristotle’s Ethics Bk.7; ch.6, #1149b1.

 

[3]           Summa Theologica, Ia IIae, Q.46, a.4, Respondeo.

 

[4]           Summa Theologica, Ia IIae, Q.48 a.3, Sed Contra.

[5]           Summa Theologica, Ia IIae, Q.48, a.3, Respondeo.

 

[6]           Summa Theologica, Ia Iiae, Q.48, a.3, ad.1.

 

[7]           Summa Theologica, Ia IIae, Q.48, a.4, Sed Contra quote is from Pope St. Gregory the Great’s De Moralis, vol. 30.

[8]           Summa Theologica. Ia IIae. Q.48. a.4. Respondeo (bracketed words added for clarity).

It is Possible for a Pope to Teach Heresy and Remain the Pope?

Catholic Candle note: Sedevacantism is wrong and is (material or formal) schism.  Catholic Candle is not sedevacantist. 

Below is the fifth article in a series which covers specific aspects of the error of sedevacantism.  As context for this fifth article of this series against the error of sedevacantism, let us recall what we saw in the earlier four articles:

In the first article, we saw that we cannot know whether Pope Francis (or anyone else) is a formal heretic (rather than a material heretic only) – and thus whether he is outside the true Catholic Church – based simply on his persistent, public teaching of a heretical opinion.[1]

Then in the second article, we saw that we must not judge a man to be a formal heretic if he professes to be Catholic and says he believes what a Catholic must believe now, in order to be Catholic now.  When a person professes a heretical opinion, we must judge him in the most favorable light (if we judge him at all).  So, we must avoid rash judgment and we must not judge negatively the interior culpability of the pope and the 1.2 billion people who profess that they are Catholic.  We must not judge they are not “real” Catholics if they tell us that they are Catholics.[2]

Thus, we must judge Pope Francis to be a material heretic, not a formal heretic, and that he is the pope.  Regarding any of the world’s 1.2 billion self-described Catholics who hold heresy, we must judge them (if we judge them at all) to be material heretics only, unless they themselves tell us that they know they don’t qualify to be Catholics.[3]

In the third article, we examined briefly the important difference between persons in authority who fulfill their duty to judge those under their charge in the external forum, as compared to a sedevacantist or anyone else except God who judges the interior culpability of other persons and (rashly) judges them to be formal heretics.[4]

In the fourth article, we saw that it does not help us to protect ourselves better from Pope Francis’ heresy by declaring that he is not the pope.[5]

Below, in this fifth part of this series of articles against the error of sedevacantism, we examine whether it is possible for a pope to teach (or believe) heresy. 

Further Catholic Candle note explaining the origin of this part:

The following is a letter from a reader who was disturbed by a recent sedevacantist article (published elsewhere on the internet) that he read carefully.  This reader wrote Catholic Candle to express his concern and to send Catholic Candle a copy of the disturbing article.  He wrote seeking advice and help discerning the truth regarding that sedevacantist author’s claims.

It is Possible for a Pope to Teach Heresy and Remain the Pope?

The Following is an Extended Email From a Reader (almost two pages):

Dear Catholic Candle: Help, please. 

Recently, I read an article in which a sedevacantist author claimed that a pope “cannot teach error”.  Is that true? 

Note: for purposes of the rest of my email (below) to Catholic Candle, I will assume that this sedevacantist’s assertion means that the pope cannot teach heresy, as opposed to not being able to teach other errors about other matters, because I think the former is what the sedevacantist intended to say.

Let me add this:  This sedevacantist author gave many quotes from authorities which he claimed to state that no pope can ever teach error (heresy).  I have not checked the accuracy of any of those quotes.

First of all, I want to say that I view many of the sedevacantist’s quotes as not clearly supporting his position. 

1.    There were some quotes which did not seem to support this sedevacantist’s assertion at all, because they talked about the Church not failing in the Faith.

For example, he quoted a statement (which he attributed to Pope Saint Lucius I) saying that the Faith of the Roman Apostolic Church will not fail. 

I think that it is plainly true that the Roman Catholic Church will not fail and that the Church will always have the Faith – otherwise the Church and the Faith would cease upon the earth.  So, those quotes don’t support to his assertion that an individual pope could never teach heresy.

2.    Then there were other quotes that this sedevacantist gave which were much too vague to really support his assertion that no pope could ever teach heresy.

 

For example, this sedevacantist gave a quote (which he attributed to Pope Damasus I) which said that the See of Peter has no stain or blemish.  Plainly, however-much there might be no stain attributed to the See of Peter as such, no one can deny that throughout history, there have been many individual popes that have certainly stained themselves badly, in various ways.

Further, I note that the Pope Damasus quote (which is from the Fourth Century) is in the present tense.  In other words, he says that the See of Peter “has” no stain.  Perhaps this quote could be taken to mean that, in the Fourth Century, no pope had stained himself in the many ways in which we know from history that popes stained themselves in later centuries.

The “bottom line” is that such quotes do not seem to clearly say that no pope can teach heresy.

The sedevacantist author would probably say that when Pope St. Lucius I used the phrase the “Roman Church”, he meant particular individual popes and that when Pope St. Lucius I said that the Faith of the Church won’t fail, he meant that no individual pope could ever teach heresy.  To me, this seems like a doubtful interpretation.

But regardless of this, there are a few quotes which do seem to support the sedevacantist’s assertion that a pope cannot teach heresy. 

1.    He attributes a quote to Pope Innocent III saying that St. Peter’s successors “would never at any time deviate from the Catholic faith.”

2.    The sedevacantist attributes a quote to St. Robert Bellarmine saying that “the Pope … cannot preach heresy.”


Again, help please: Is it true that no pope can ever preach heresy?


Catholic Candle’s Analysis and Response

For the purpose of this article, Catholic Candle will take the sedevacantist’s quotes – regardless of the number of them – according to the sedevacantist own interpretation of them, viz., as if they said that the pope cannot preach heresy.  This is the question we address below.

But the sedevacantist’s position is much too superficial and fails to even go deep enough into the topic to make his own position clear.  If we suppose that these quotes would say the pope cannot preach heresy, what does that mean?  Does that mean that the pope cannot be a material heretic or that he cannot be a formal heretic?

Because the sedevacantist does not go deep enough to make his position clear, let us be thorough and examine his assertion according to both interpretations of his assertion.

But this requires that we first examine the difference between material heresy and formal heresy.  To do this, let us use the guidance of the greatest Doctor of the Church, St. Thomas Aquinas.[6]


The Distinction Between Material Heresy and Formal Heresy.

It is true that many people who profess to be Catholics, hold grave objective errors against the Catholic Faith.  This problem occurred in past centuries also, even if it is more common today than in (at least some) past centuries.  For example, a child might believe that the Holy Ghost has the body of a dove.  Or an adult might profess the Pelagian heresy (about grace and free will).

 

But we would not be forced to conclude that such a person (who professed himself Catholic) is not really Catholic.  For a person ceases to be Catholic when he holds a position against the Catholic Faith which he knows to be incompatible with what the Church teaches that he must believe in order to be Catholic.

 

If a man held the Pelagian heresy, but wrongly believed that he held the Catholic Faith (concerning matters of grace and free will), then that man would be a material heretic.  That is, the man would hold the “material” of heresy (i.e., a heretical opinion) not knowing it was heresy.  But this man would not be a formal heretic because he would not know that his position was against the teaching of the Catholic Church (and God).  A material heretic does not deny this authority (of the Church and God) but “only” denies that a particular statement belongs to the deposit of the Faith.

By contract, a formal heretic denies the formal aspect of Faith, which is the authority of the Church, which is the authority of God.  In other words, a formal heretic denies the authority of the Church (God) concerning one or more statements of the Faith.  He does not believe a statement of the Faith even though he knows that the Church (God) teach it.[7]

 

 

Definitions – In summary:

 

  A person is a formal heretic if he denies the Catholic Faith in its formal aspect, i.e., if he denies any statement which he knows is revealed by the infallible teaching authority of the Church (God).  Such denial involves rejecting the Church’s (God’s) infallible authority itself.

 

  A person is only a material heretic, if he denies a part of the Catholic Faith in its material aspect only.  In other words, a material heretic is a person who denies a statement of the Catholic Faith without knowing that the Church (God) teaches that this statement is infallibly true.  A denial of the material of the Faith only, does not involve rejection of the Church’s (God’s) infallible authority, because the person errs (only) about what the Church (God) teaches.

 

Thus, a material heretic can be a Catholic.  However, a formal heretic cannot be Catholic, because in order to be Catholic, one must submit to every single dogma of the Faith that one knows the Church teaches; and yet the formal heretic rejects the Church’s (God’s) authority by denying part of the Faith, knowing that the Church (God) teaches it.

 

 

So Now We Come to the Two Questions We Set Out to Examine

Having seen what it means to be a material heretic and what it means to be a formal heretic, these are the questions presented:

1.    Can a pope ever become a material heretic? 

and
 

2.    Can a pope ever become a formal heretic?

Let us first ask if a pope can become a material heretic and then after that, let us ask whether a pope can become a formal heretic.


1. Can the Pope become a Material Heretic?

It is a very superficial supposition to think that a pope cannot be a material heretic (that is, the supposition that a pope cannot hold, even internally, an opinion contradictory to the Catholic Faith).[8]  Further, it is superficial to think the pope cannot then teach his heretical opinion (e.g., through the pope teaching while he is ignorant).  These (false) suppositions are superficial because they fail to take into account the basic truths of the catechism that even children know.

A.  To Say that the Pope Cannot Make a Heretical Statement Means that He is Always Infallible When Making Any Statement about the Faith.


If the pope were unable to make heretical statements, then everything he said about religious matters would be infallible.  In other words, Catholics would be sure that everything he said on religious matters was protected from error and must be true.  In other words, under this supposition, the pope would always be infallible when making any statement about the Catholic Faith.

B.  It is Basic Catechism that the Pope Can Indeed Teach Heresy (Error) When He Does Not Invoke His Special Ex Cathedra Authority.


But it is basic catechism (which even children know) that the pope only teaches infallibly under certain carefully-enumerated conditions. 

For example, here is the Catechism of Pope St. Pius X showing when the pope is infallible, viz., on matters of Faith and morals only under certain conditions:

57 Q. When is the Pope infallible?

A. The Pope is infallible when, as Pastor and Teacher of all Christians and in virtue of his supreme Apostolic authority, he defines a doctrine regarding faith or morals to be held by all the Church.[9]

Notice the narrow conditions under which the pope is infallible.  All of these conditions must be fulfilled:  he must be teaching all Christians (not just a subset, such as his own diocese of Rome or a certain nation);  he must be using his full authority (not just partial authority); and he must be defining (not just commenting on or exploring) a doctrine regarding faith or morals (not Church discipline, Canon Law, or some other, lesser subject) to be held by all (not just some of) the Church.

The Baltimore Catechism teaches the same thing as does the Catechism of Pope St. Pius X, and elaborates further.  Firstly, The Baltimore Catechism equates the pope speaking infallibly with his speaking ex cathedra:

Q. 531. What is necessary that the Pope may speak infallibly or

ex-cathedra?

A. That the Pope may speak infallibly, or ex-cathedra, (1) He must speak

on a subject of faith or morals; (2) He must speak as the Vicar of

Christ and to the whole Church; (3) He must indicate by certain words,

such as, we define, we proclaim, etc., that he intends to speak

infallibly.[10]

 

Then The Baltimore Catechism emphasizes the same thing that every Catholic child is taught, viz., that the pope is not infallible on any other occasion when he speaks about Faith or morals:

 

Q. 532. Is the Pope infallible in everything he says and does?

A. The Pope is not infallible in everything he says and does, because

the Holy Ghost was not promised to make him infallible in everything,

but only in matters of faith and morals for the whole Church.  Nevertheless, the Pope’s opinion on any subject deserves our greatest respect on account of his learning, experience and dignity.[11]

The Baltimore Catechism summarizes these truths, teaching that the pope is only infallible when speaking ex cathedra:

Q. 533. Can the Pope commit sin?

A. The Pope can commit sin and he must seek forgiveness in the Sacrament

of Penance as others do.  Infallibility does not prevent him from

sinning, but from teaching falsehood when he speaks ex-cathedra.[12]

Similarly, The Catechism Explained teaches that “the Pope is infallible in his solemn decisions”.[13]  Those “solemn decisions” are his ex cathedra pronouncements.  Thus, The Catechism Explained tells us the same truth as the other catechisms, viz., that the pope is not always infallible whenever he speaks about the Faith or morals but only when he speaks ex cathedra, i.e., only “in his solemn decisions”.

Therefore, except when the pope is protected by the Holy Ghost under the conditions of his special ex cathedra authority, anything else that he says on matters of religion is not infallible and can be false (heresy).

So, we see that it is false to say that a pope cannot make heretical statements. 

But what about the quote from St. Robert Bellarmine (referenced above, as quoted by the sedevacantist), namely, “the Pope … cannot preach heresy”?  We just saw that the Catholic catechisms concur that the Pope can indeed teach heresy.  We must therefore interpret St. Robert Bellarmine as meaning that the pope cannot become a formal heretic, as explained further below.


The First Vatican Council’s Definition of Papal Infallibility Shows the Same Truth as do These Catechisms Quoted Above: viz., that the Pope’s Infallibility is Limited to Those Times When He Speaks Ex Cathedra.

The dogmatic teaching of Vatican I on the subject of the pope’s ex cathedra infallible authority shows that any other time – except when he invokes this ex cathedra infallible authority – the pope can indeed make a heretical statement because he is not then protected by the safeguard of this special promise of the Holy Ghost’s protection against teaching heresy.  Here is Vatican I’s dogmatic declaration from the Council’s Session IV, ch.4:.

      we teach and define as a divinely revealed dogma that

  when the Roman pontiff speaks EX CATHEDRA,

  that is, when,

1.   in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians,

2.   in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority,

3.   he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole church,

  he possesses,

  by the divine assistance promised to him in blessed Peter,

  that infallibility which the divine Redeemer willed his church to enjoy in defining doctrine concerning faith or morals.

  Therefore, such definitions of the Roman pontiff are of themselves, and not by the consent of the church, irreformable.

All formatting and emphasis are in the original.

Notice that Vatican I’s dogmatic definition teaches us when the pope is infallible, viz., when he speaks according to the conditions for using his ex cathedra authority.  Plainly, the pope is not infallible every time he speaks on a matter of the Faith or morals.  Plainly, when the pope is speaking non-infallibly, he can err on a matter of the Faith or morals; that is, he can teach heresy.

The First Vatican Council was defining when the pope speaks infallibly.  The Council was telling us that, when he teaches infallibly, we know with complete certitude that what he teaches is true.  The Council was teaching us that, in the absence of using his ex cathedra authority, the pope might be wrong, not that at any other time he might have ceased be the pope.  In other words, the ex cathedra conditions are conditions of infallibility not conditions of sede vacante.  The absence of those conditions shows the possibility of error not that he ceased to be pope.

So, looking at the language of Vatican I’s decree (above), we see that the pope is not always protected from making heretical statements.  That is, the pope can teach heresy. 

This same truth is also shown in a second way: viz., by the fact that Vatican I even made the effort to solemnly define those ex cathedra conditions at all.  Why would the Council “bother” clarifying those conditions if the pope could never teach heresy under any conditions (and thus is supposedly infallible anytime he speaks about the Faith or morals)?

C.  Additional Reasons Why We Know that the Pope Can Teach Heresy When Not Speaking Ex Cathedra.

1.    Contrary to fact, if it were true that a pope could never teach heresy, this would mean that the pope cannot err if he says something about the Faith or morals even at the dinner table or in a sermon or in private correspondence.  Even if the sedevacantist (quoted above) did not realize the breadth of his own false assertion, nonetheless that is what he said, viz., that a pope “cannot teach error” (or heresy). 

By contrast, the dogma taught by Vatican I shows that the pope’s infallibility requires specific conditions manifesting a fitting solemnity of the dogmatic declaration as well as the pope’s deliberate and careful intent to teach an irreformable truth of the Faith or morals.  Plainly, the sedevacantist is wrong that the pope can never teach heresy, i.e., never make a heretical statement and become a material heretic.

2.    If it were true the pope spoke infallibly every time he said something about the Faith, then it would be the duty of his dinner companions and anyone who talks with him to record everything he says about the Faith or morals because there would be a continual string of (supposedly) “infallible” things which would be coming out of his mouth.

3.    The pope would have a sort of “Midas Touch”.  He would be unable to limit the continual stream of (supposedly) “infallible” dogmas coming out of his mouth, just as King Midas (in the children’s story) was unable to touch anything without it turning to gold.  Whereas King Midas was severely handicapped by being unable to live his life, e.g., touch his own daughter without turning her into a golden statue, likewise the pope would be unable to carry on a normal conversation or preach a sermon without (supposedly) changing the world with a continual stream of (supposedly) irreformable “truths” that he utters.  The pope would be afraid to share his thoughts with others (including his advisors) on a matter of the Faith or morals lest he (supposedly) “infallibly” “declare” a truth of the Faith.  This would severely hamper the pope because he has great need of free and full discussions with his advisors and others. 

Or, if we were to assume (contrary to fact) that the sedevacantists were correct, then the pope would not even need advisors because he would just say whatever he thought at the moment about Faith or morals, knowing whatever it was would be true.

 

4.    The history of the Church shows that the quotes attributed to Pope Innocent III and to St. Robert Bellarmine cannot mean that the pope is unable to make a heretical statement (and to become a material heretic), because the history of the Church shows this to be false. 

We see that various popes have been material heretics.  Let us look at two examples that illustrate this:

 

  Pope John XXII (reigned 1316-1334) taught heresy insistently both before and during his papal reign.  He was a material heretic and refused to be corrected until shortly before his death.[14]

  Pope Nicholas I wrote a letter to the Bulgarians, in which he spoke as if baptism were valid when administered simply in our Lord’s Name, without mention of the Three Persons of the Blessed Trinity.  But he was not teaching ex cathedra.  The question asked of Pope Nicholas was actually a different one: viz., concerning the minister of baptism, viz., whether a Jew or Pagan could validly baptize.  He correctly answered in the affirmative.  But Pope Nicholas then answered “that the baptism was valid, whether administered in the name of the three Persons or in the name of Christ only.”  This is heresy!  Cardinal Newman cites this example quoting St. Robert Bellarmine in De Rom. Pont., iv. 12.[15]


Note: In the second of these examples (above), Cardinal Newman relies on St. Robert Bellarmine’s account that Pope Nicholas I told the Bulgarians that they could validly baptize without mentioning the Blessed Trinity.  This clearly shows that St. Robert Bellarmine well knew that Pope Nicholas I and other popes are capable of making heretical statements. 

Thus, when the sedevacantist author (mentioned above) attributes to St. Robert Bellarmine a quote saying that “the Pope … cannot preach heresy”, this does not mean that the pope cannot make a heretical statement, as is obvious by St. Robert Bellarmine himself pointing out Pope Nicholas’s (non-infallible) heretical teaching to the Bulgarians.

If the sedevacantist author (see above) supposes that his own St. Robert Bellarmine quote (near the top of this article) refers to the pope being unable to preach material heresy, we don’t interpret the sedevacantist as trying to deceive his readers.  We think that he probably did not look deeply enough into the topic to know better.

D.  Conclusion of this Part – a Pope Can Teach a Heretical Statement (Non-Infallibly) and Remain the Pope


We see it would be unreasonable to suppose that a pope cannot make a heretical statement.  We see that a pope can teach heresy, based on:

      Basic catechism that even children learn;

      Two reasons based on the words of Vatican I’s dogmatic definition of ex cathedra infallibility;

      Considerations of reason; and

      Considerations of Church history.


Thus, Catholics should not suppose that Pope Francis is not the pope because he makes heretical statements.


2. Can a Pope Ever Become a Formal Heretic?

A.  The Pope Cannot Teach Heresy Ex Cathedra

From the first part of this article, we see clearly that popes can become material heretics, and in fact, that some popes have been so.   But what about the quote the sedevacantist attributes to Pope Innocent III, saying that St. Peter’s successors “would never at any time deviate from the Catholic faith”?   Further, what about the statement (which the sedevacantist attributed to Pope Saint Lucius I) saying that the Faith of the Roman Apostolic Church will not fail?   Do not these quotes contradict our claim that the popes can become material heretics?

The answer to this dilemma is that a distinction needs to be made between the pope (on the one hand) acting as a private individual (or “private theologian” as he is sometimes called), versus the pope (on the other hand) acting as the successor of St. Peter speaking with ex cathedra infallibility – that is, the pope acting in the See of Peter as such.  Assuming the quote attributed to Pope Saint Lucius I is correct (that the See of Peter will not fail in the Faith), this quote seems to mean that the See of Peter as such will not fail in the Faith.  The pope teaches most properly as the successor of Peter and as pope when he speaks with ex cathedra infallibility and it would be impossible (and it has never happened) that the successor of Peter as such, that is, as the infallible head of the Church speaking ex cathedra, can teach any error.

Another way of stating this same truth is that the pope will never teach heresy utilizing the conditions of ex cathedra (extraordinary) infallibility.

This is indicated in one of the quotes received along with the above reader’s question: The sedevacantist author quotes Francisco Suarez[16] as stating that:

in accord with His divine providence…[God] preserve[s] the pope from heresy in consequence of the promise that he shall never err in defining faith.  Furthermore, as such a thing has never happened in the Church, we may conclude that, in the providence of God, it cannot happen.’

Thus, the sedevacantist attributes to Suarez the (true) statement that the pope cannot err when defining the faith, that is, when teaching infallibly.  Indirectly, Suarez seems to acknowledge and teach that the pope can err when he teaches about the Faith or morals except when he meets the conditions laid out in the Vatican I definition of infallibility (which was already quoted above):

1.    exercising his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians,

2.    in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority,

3.    he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole church.

B. Another Possible Interpretation: the Pope Will Never
    Become a Formal Heretic

Above, the sedevacantist attributed to Pope Innocent III the statement that St. Peter’s successors “would never at any time deviate from the Catholic faith”.  This could be taken as meaning that no pope would ever deviate from the Faith by rejecting the Faith in its formal aspect.  (Recall the distinction we made above concerning formal vs. material heresy.)

In the section immediately above (entitled “The Pope Cannot Teach Heresy Ex Cathedra”), the emphasis concerned the pope’s inability to teach heresy infallibly.  In the present section, the emphasis will be on the pope’s inability to reject the formal aspect of the Faith, namely, the truth of the Faith based on God’s authority.

One consequence of this interpretation is that we would avoid the possibility that the Church could ever suffer an interregnum due to a pope losing his papacy (and his membership in the Catholic Church) through (formal) heresy.  This would be one God-given means through which the Church would always have successors, as Vatican I infallibly teaches.[17]

As shown above, St. Robert Bellarmine was well aware of Pope Nicholas I’s material heresy when teaching the Bulgarians, yet (as attributed by the sedevacantist author above), St. Robert states that a pope cannot preach heresy.  This would seem to indicate that St. Robert Bellarmine meant that a pope could never preach heresy as a formal heretic, resulting in his loss of the papal office and the creating of a papal interregnum. 

C.  How to Interpret Quotes About the See of Peter Remaining Unstained


The Catholic Church, in Her Divine element, is always unstained, although the pope and all other Catholics stain themselves.

We must distinguish between the Catholic Church as the Spotless Bride of Christ, in contrast to the human element of the Church.  The Church Herself, Who possesses the Mark of Holiness, is perfect.  The human element (i.e., individual Catholics, including the pope insofar as he sins and errs), can and has gone wrong. 

 

The Church is in no way blamable in Her Divine element for the heretical statements and sins of anyone, including the pope.  Here is how that truth is taught in The Catechism Explained:

 

The Catholic Church is Holy.  …  The misdeeds of some members, or abuses occurring within the Church are due not to the Church, but to the perversity of men.[18]

 

The sedevacantist author gave a quote (found above, which he attributed to Pope Damasus I) which said that the See of Peter has no stain or blemish, that quote would fit with the truth that the Church in Her Divine element can never make a heretical statement or commit the least sin, although (as we saw), an individual pope can do so.

 

When a pope is speaking ex cathedra, he is acting as the pure, stainless Bride of Christ.   But when the pope errs or sins, including preaching heresy (non-infallibly, of course), he is not speaking or acting as the pure Bride of Christ, but rather, he is only speaking as part of the Church’s human element and capable of error.  This is like, e.g., if the pope commits the sin of gluttony, he sullies himself but not the pure Bride of Christ in Her Divine element.

 

D.  Why Isn’t It More Frequently Stated Throughout the Centuries that the Pope Can Teach Heresy when Not Speaking Ex Cathedra?


When the human element of the Catholic Church is in times of spiritual health, it is unseemly to talk very much about the pope erring in matters of the Catholic Faith.  When the human element of the Church is spiritually healthy, there is often a filial and pious (but potentially dangerous) tendency to attribute inerrancy to the pope.

This is like when a family is blessed with a father who is a good head, it seems unseemly to talk about the evils that this father could do.

Similarly, when the Church enjoys the reign of a good pope, it is unseemly to say very much about the pope’s ability to teach heresy just like in a good family it is unseemly to say too much about the father’s ability to deceive his children.

E.  Conclusion

 

1.    We see that a pope is able to teach heresy (that is, to make heretical statements) when he is not speaking ex cathedra.  In other words, a pope can be a material heretic and some popes have been material heretics in the past.  The sedevacantist’s contrary assertion is merely a variation of the Protestant calumny that “you Catholics think that everything the pope says about religion must be true”.

2.    We know infallibly from Vatican I that a pope cannot teach heresy when teaching ex cathedra.

 

3.    St. Robert Bellarmine seems to teach that no pope could ever become a formal heretic.  If that is true, then that would be one reason (among many) why the sedevacantists are wrong in saying that we are presently in a long papal interregnum.[19]

 

4.    The Catholic Church, in Her Divine Element, as the unspotted Bride of Christ, can never sin and teach heresy but the human element of the Church – i.e., all Catholics (including the pope) can and do sin and err – even sometimes teaching heresy.

 

5.    Pope Francis has taught many heresies but never has he taught them using his ex cathedra authority.  These heresies do not show that he is not the pope.



[6]           Read this article explaining why faithful and informed Catholics especially read the Doctors of the Church, most especially St. Thomas Aquinas: https://catholiccandle.neocities.org/faith/why-faithful-and-informed-catholics-especially-follow-the-doctors-of-the-church

 

[7]           Here is how St. Thomas explains this distinction between the Faith’s formal and material aspects: 

 

If we consider, in the Faith, the formal aspect of the object, it is nothing else than the First Truth.  For the Faith of which we are speaking, does not assent to anything, except because it is revealed by God.  Hence, the mean [i.e., the middle term of the syllogism] on which Faith is based is the Divine Truth [i.e., God’s authority].

If, however, we consider materially the things to which Faith assents, they include not only God, but also many other things.

 

Summa, III, Q.1, a.1, Respondeo (emphasis and bracketed words added).

 

In other words, the formal aspect of the Faith is God alone precisely in so far as God is the infallible authority on which depends the truth of the content of revealed Faith. 

 

The material aspect includes many other things, e.g., our Lady’s Assumption into Heaven, because the material aspect of the Faith includes all the various revealed truths that are the content of our Faith.

[8]           Heresy is an error about the Catholic Faith.  Here is how St. Thomas Aquinas explains this truth:

 

We are speaking of heresy now as denoting a corruption of the Christian Faith.  Now it does not imply a corruption of the Christian faith, if a man has a false opinion in matters that are not of faith, for instance, in questions of geometry and so forth, which cannot belong to the faith by any means; but only when a person has a false opinion about things belonging to the faith

 

[Catholic Candle note: because an opinion does not need to be spoken, we see that St. Thomas is teaching us (in the words above) that a person can fall into heresy even by internally holding a false opinion about the Faith.  Nothing else is required, such as a person telling others his false opinion, or preaching it to them.]

 

[Continuing to quote St. Thomas:]  Now a thing may be of the faith in two ways, as stated above, in one way, directly and principally, e.g., the articles of faith; in another way, indirectly and secondarily, e.g., those matters, the denial of which leads to the corruption of some article of faith; and there may be heresy in either way, even as there can be faith.

 

Summa, IIa IIae, Q.11, a.2, respondeo (emphasis and bracketed words added).


[9]           Catechism of Pope St. Pius X, Ninth Article of the Creed.

[10]         The Baltimore Catechism #3, (emphasis added).

[11]         The Baltimore Catechism #3, (emphasis added).

[12]         The Baltimore Catechism #3, (emphasis added).

 

[13]         The Catechism Explained, Francis Spirago, Benziger Bros., New York, 1921, p. 240.

 

[15]         Cardinal Henry Newman’s treatise On The True Notion of Papal Infallibility.

 

[16]         Fransico Suarez was a Spanish Jesuit philosopher and theologian who did good work by defending Roman Catholic doctrine against the Protestant Revolution.  He was an avid student of St. Thomas Aquinas, although Suarez deviated in many important ways from the sound methods, teachings, and conclusions of St. Thomas.  Nevertheless, Suarez remains a respected thinker and commentator on some of St. Thomas’ teachings.  It is likely this importance and respect that the sedevacantist wishes to  leverage, “adding Suarez’s weight” to his (the sedevacantist’s) false argument.

[17]         Vatican I infallibly declares:

If anyone says that it is not by the institution of Christ the Lord Himself (that is to say, by Divine Law) that Blessed Peter should have perpetual successors in the primacy over the whole Church; or that the Roman Pontiff is not the successor of Blessed Peter in this primacy, let him be anathema.

 

Vatican I, Session 4, Ch. 2 (bold emphasis and parenthetical words are in the original, italic emphasis added).

[18]         The Catechism Explained, Rev. Francis Spirago, p.244, TAN Books and Publishers, Rockford, 1993 (reprinting the 1899 edition).

[19]           For other reasons why we cannot be in a long papal interregnum, read Chapter 2 of Sedevacantism – Material or Formal Heresy.  This small book is available:

  Here, for free: https://catholiccandle.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/sedevacantism-material-or-formal-schism.pdf

  Here, at cost ($4): https://www.amazon.com/Sedevacantism-Material-Quanta-Cura-Press/dp/B08FP5NQR6/ref=sr_1_1

Words to Live by – from Catholic Tradition

 

Let Us Not Be Self-Indulgent and Impulsive!

 

Blessed is he who, setting aside his own liking and inclination, considers things according to reason and justice before doing them.

 

Quoted from Prayer Of A Soul Taken With Love, #42, by St. John Of The Cross, Mystical Doctor of the Church

 

The Search for the Lost Schools

Catholic Candle note:  The article below is by one of Catholic Candle’s more senior editors who has always been Traditional Catholic.  This article provides a small glimpse into the state of the Catholic education of children in Mid-Twentieth Century America.

As a “cradle Catholic” and one who benefitted from 12 years of Catholic schools (plus 2 years at a Catholic university), I was an unwilling witness to the dissolution of Catholic schools in America.  It was something that in my wildest nightmares I could not have anticipated.

Good Catholic families from local parishes had always been expected to send their children to the parish schools.  Many did so at a significant sacrifice.  (Families who couldn’t afford it were often given “discounts”.)  The point is that we all assumed that these schools would always be there to teach the children more about their Faith, how to be better Catholics, and how to save their souls.  And, oh yes, give them a superior education besides.

It wasn’t until about the 1960s that things began to change.  You might begin to suspect that there could be some connection to a critical event that took place in that period. (Hint: think VC II).  Yes, Women’s Lib was among the trenchant influences, too, with its attendant push to convents and religious orders to shed their habits and “think for themselves.”  These were worrisome things, of course, but I don’t believe there was any panic that this was the death knell for Catholic education itself.  When the changes first began, they were a trickle, hardly causing passing concern.  Many of us were at first surprised, then uneasy, but not yet alarmed when Catholic schools began to innovate under the banner of modernism.

Looking back now, I believe the changes seemed unreal at first, and beyond anybody’s power to derail them – sort of like trying to stop a locomotive with your bare hand.  I think it is fair to say that most Catholics didn’t understand the scope of the changes in our Catholic schools that were being proposed – no, demanded.  We were used to trusting the self-sacrificing nuns and good priests to educate our children in our Catholic Faith, and now we were told that the erudite professors themselves must be allowed to decide what to teach.  

As a busy young mother of a growing family, I didn’t really understand how it came about so suddenly.  We had a strong network of solid Catholic schools one year, and the next it was beginning to disintegrate; and ten years down the line, many were fading into pale copies of public schools.  How on earth did this happen?  How did we reach this point?  The question became: did we just have to learn to live with these revolutionary changes?  Some, perhaps naively, imagined that if these changes “just happened,” might they be the natural progression of steps to improve the education of our children?  The answer is “no.”  They were the result of a specific concrete historic event.  And that event was the start of a rebellion against the Magisterium of the Catholic Church.

This historic event took place at St. John’s University in Queens, New York in January, 1966.  Two hundred professors went on strike for 1½ years to challenge the teaching authority of the Church.  St. John’s had been founded by the Vincentian Fathers in 1870 to give explicitly Catholic education to Catholic students, in submission to the teaching authority of the Catholic Church.  Now, suddenly there was a claim to a nebulous “right” to, in essence, teach what they wanted to.  Professors from all over the United States threw their support to the St. John’s protesters, claiming that academic freedom was violated if they were not allowed to contradict the teaching authority of the Church.  In the previous century, nobody apparently thought about that; they were too busy claiming scientific freedom.  Which had been quickly suppressed by a number of popes, including Pius IX, Leo XIII, and St. Pius X.

It turned out that this latest toxic claim, however, was not easily suppressed.  The rush to jump on the academic freedom bandwagon had begun.  Several months later, in April 1966, a conference of Catholic university presidents and other education leaders was held at Notre Dame, including some from Seton Hall, Boston College, Georgetown, and other Catholic universities.

The theme of the conference, the first of many, was “Academic Freedom in the Catholic University.”  Following this, the president of Notre Dame, Fr. Theodore Hesburgh, a Holy Cross father, asked modernist Jesuit Fr. Neil McCloskey to write a statement outlining a supposed academic freedom.  It was called the Land ‘O Lakes Statement as it had been put together in Land ‘O Lakes, Wisconsin.  It was a declaration of rebellion against the authority of the Church.  The influential manifesto, which would spread its poison from coast to coast, and beyond, proclaimed:

To perform its teaching and research functions effectively, the Catholic university must have a true autonomy and academic freedom in the face of authority of whatever kind: lay or clerical, external to the academic community itself.[1]

No effort was made to disguise the fact that The Statement was greatly inspired by the liberalization of Vatican II.  The Statement had enormous influence on Catholic higher education.  In the following decades the great majority of Catholic colleges and universities relinquished control of their own institutions to independent Boards of Directors.  (Hard to believe but sadly, they did).  The Statement had recommended replacing priests with completely independent lay people who weren’t obliged to obey ecclesiastical authority (the Church).  These institutions still called themselves Catholic and may have appeared to be Catholic, but more and more they began to operate independently, and at times in opposition to Church teaching.

A few wary Catholics wondered out loud if a university like Notre Dame was still Catholic!  It was true that there was still beautiful Catholic art exhibited, and various Catholic symbols and statues still remained around the N.D. campus, but were these just remnants from the past rather than evidence of a living Catholic Faith?

There were some efforts by Catholic leaders to reverse the damage caused by the academic freedom offensive, but nothing that seemed to take hold.  Rome, of course, expressed its opposition to this flagrant challenge to the authority of the Church, and local bishops were generically urged to be vigilant as to what was taught in their dioceses and exert more authority to insure orthodoxy.

They suggested that if you called your school “Catholic,” the word must not just be a noun, part of the title, but rather, the word “Catholic” must be a descriptive adjective and must always be a real expression of a profound reality; in other words, it must mean something. It must identify the speaker or the university as upholding the truths of the Faith and being in conformity to the Magisterium of the Catholic Church.

This was a nice expected response.  And of course, nothing much came of it.  Unless you count the eventual closing of hundreds of Catholic institutions or their becoming independent of the Church.

It wasn’t until 1990, a full 24 years after the first salvo by the academic freedom liberals, that Rome issued Ex Corde Ecclesiae, an apostolic constitution by Pope John Paul II, defining the role of the Catholic university.  In it, the pope repudiated The Land ‘O Lakes Statement, examined the problem, and set forth a set of regulations that were meant to ameliorate the situation, such as:

  Compelling Catholic teachers both in Catholic and non-Catholic universities to be in complete submission to the Magisterium of the Church; and

  Obliging non-Catholic teachers to respect the teachings of the Catholic Church, (not compelling them to believe them, but not to publicly oppose them).

Many Catholic teachers vehemently disagreed.  The president of Notre Dame is supposed to have said, “If the pope says Notre Dame is not Catholic, who would believe him?”

Whatever measures the Church took to stem the tide of this disaster proved ineffectual.  This might be hinted at by the following random statistics (which I have collected from various places, over time):

  In 1958, the number of American children attending a private elementary school was 15%.  In 1970, this number had fallen to 10%; in 2015, to 9%.

  In 1965, 89% of American children in private elementary schools were in Catholic schools.  By 2013, that number had fallen to 42%, less than half of what it had been.

v  From 2000 to 2010, more than 1000 Catholic schools were closed; 174 of them were closed or consolidated during 2009-2010 alone.

v  From 1970-2010, the number of Catholic schools in the U.S. dropped by 37%.

An equally sad statistic is that from 1970-2010, the number of religious vocations dropped by 70%!  Here are some specifics:

      The Jesuits (a teaching order), decrease (approximately) from 59,000 to 38,000;

      Christian Brothers (another teaching order) decrease from 2,212 to 589; and

      The number of nuns decrease from 160,931 in 1970; to 48,546 in 2015; and then to 45,605 in 2018.

It is difficult to assess a cause-and-effect statistic of the shrinking of the religious orders in the U.S., and how it relates to the destruction of Catholic schools. Certainly, the worldliness of society, the general weakening of morals, the targeting of our youth by the entertainment industry, a “kept” media – all of these, and more, contributed to the breakdown of our Catholic school system.  When the parents of the ‘60s and ‘70s “gave up” on it and began to send their children elsewhere, it is little wonder that when their children married and had families, they weren’t so quick to send them to those same declining schools. “Declining” meaning where the schools were “declining” to adhere uncompromisingly to the Magisterium of the Church.

So, all in all, one might be tempted to think it hopeless to believe it’s possible to reverse the damage.

And on our own, it surely would be.  But Our Lady will not stand by indefinitely while Satan holds sway over the education of our children.  Just as she promised four hundred years ago in Quito, Ecuador, when referring to the Great Apostasy, in the end her Immaculate Heart will triumph. However, she added that her triumph will only occur when all seems hopeless.  Here are her words:

When everything will seem lost and paralyzed, that will be the happy beginning of the complete Restoration. This will mark the arrival of my hour, when I, in a marvelous way, will dethrone the proud and cursed Satan, trampling him under my feet and chaining him in the infernal abyss.[2]

Our present situation in the human struggle to restore our Catholic schools does seem very bad.  However, it does not yet seem completely lost and hopeless.  Thus, it seems we must endure some additional years before the victory promised by Our Lady of Quito.

On our part, we must make a greater effort to be more fervent in our prayers and to continue to say our daily rosary.  (Or better yet, the fifteen decades.)

While we pray for the triumph of Our Lady, we must also fight for Christ the King as best we can.  So must the Church hierarchy.  The first thing they must do is to correct their own softness and liberalism.

As to the tangible steps that might be taken after that, it is not beyond the power of the local ordinaries to regain control of our Catholic schools.  They would need to have the will and the courage to meet the challenge.  It would not be easy, but with the help of the Holy Ghost and Sts. Thomas Aquinas, and John Bosco (patrons of Catholic schools), the liberalism that was astoundingly allowed to spread its poison across the United States could eventually be neutralized, and our Catholic schools could once again do their crucial job of educating children according to the teaching authority of the Catholic Church.

We must pray fervently and fight for Christ tirelessly!  This is God’s Will, even though the reality is that this Catholic restoration of education will not occur except as part of the Triumph of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and through Her intercession.

Our Lady of Quito and of Fatima, Pray for us!

 



[2]           Steve Skojec, in One PeterFive, July 6, 1915; Our Lady of Good Success, January 15, 2024.

Government-Set Price Controls Don’t Work

Catholic Candle note: Below is an article concerning the U.S. economy in particular, and, by analogy, pertaining to the economies of other Western countries.

Catholic Candle usually writes on topics more directly related to the Catholic Faith, as well as Catholic philosophy and Catholic practice.  But there is an ongoing cultural and political revolution all around us, and this revolution has other aspects too.  That is why we also write on topics that could be called “political”, in order to shine a light on current evils in government and society.  Here are examples of such Catholic Candle articles:

Ø  The COVID-19 “Vaccine’s” Harms Continue to Be Further Revealed: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/02/20/in-case-you-missed-it-february-2024/

Ø  Glacier-Melting Alarmism: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/01/23/glacier-melting-alarmism/

Ø  The Leftist Attack on the Moral Fiber of Society: https://catholiccandle.org/2023/10/29/the-leftist-attack-on-the-moral-fiber-of-society/

Ø  The “Deadly Heat” Alarmism: https://catholiccandle.org/2023/08/24/the-deadly-heat-alarmism/

Ø  The False Principle of “Diversity and Inclusion”: https://catholiccandle.org/2022/01/05/the-false-principle-of-diversity-and-inclusion/

Ø  “Big Data” – a New Version of an Old Danger of Manipulation and Deception: https://catholiccandle.org/2021/12/11/h/

Ø  Black Lives Matter is Showing its “True Colors” – and They are Red: https://catholiccandle.org/2021/10/03/black-lives-matter-is-showing-its-true-colors/

Ø  The Evil & Dangers of Yoga: https://catholiccandle.org/2021/09/05/the-evil-dangers-of-yoga/

Ø  Wikipedia – a Deceptive Tool of the Leftists:  https://catholiccandle.org/2021/08/02/wikipedia-a-deceptive-tool-of-the-leftists/

 

Ø  The Current Leftists Follow the Usual “Tyrant’s Playbook”: https://catholiccandle.org/2021/05/03/the-current-leftists-follow-the-usual-tyrants-playbook/

Ø  Empathy – a Tool for Good or for Evil: https://catholiccandle.org/2021/04/02/empathy-a-tool-for-good-or-for-evil/

 

Ø  Reject the COVID Vaccines!  https://catholiccandle.org/2021/01/01/reject-the-covid-vaccines/

 

Ø  Face masks present grave health risks & are to control people, not a virus: https://catholiccandle.org/2020/12/01/856/

Catholic Candle holds that the globalists are positioning the U.S. economy and other economies in the Western World to be pushed into collapse if and as needed, to compel people to accept a future globalist tyranny.

Thus, we have an eye on the economy in order to monitor (in a general way) its condition and its readiness for use as a weapon compelling acceptance of a globalist tyranny.

Government-Set Price Controls Don’t Work

In the United States, the Democrats have revived the idea of the government mandating price controls.  It is worth considering the wisdom (or lack thereof) of this idea.  Are price controls good or bad? 

After the bloated federal spending of the last 4½ years, foolishly begun by Trump in 2020 and then made even worse (even greater spending) in the Biden years, the United States is experiencing price inflation which was completely inevitable (“as sure as gravity”, one might say, or “as sure as death comes to us all”). 

This price inflation is worse than the official numbers say it is, as anyone can tell by going to the grocery store, etc., because the government has politicized the inflation rate and is using some “tools” it has available in order to dishonestly hide as much of the inflation as it can by “adjusting” the numbers.  Perhaps some readers are unaware of those “tools” but, in any case, that is a topic for some other time.

The voters were upset (as it appears from their subsequent votes), and the rosy government inflation numbers could not keep people from believing their own “lying” eyes and the “lightness” of their wallets.  So, Harris tried to get the voters on her side in the last months before the election, by proposing that, if elected, she would implement government price controls to (supposedly) punish the “price gougers”.  She and the White House, in effect, were telling people that the problem they could plainly see (high inflation) was caused by sellers in the private sector somehow “taking advantage of people”, rather than the true cause, which was Federal spending and the increase of the money supply.

Key to a correct understanding of inflation is to understand that dollars are a commodity which is valued in relation to other goods.  For example, if a country suddenly has 10 million extra pounds of apples, it is inevitable that the price of apples would go down.  Similarly, if there are suddenly $6 trillion extra dollars added to the economy (as there was), the value (price) of a dollar goes down, meaning what a person can buy with a dollar also goes down.

Suppose we were to want the price of apples to go down.  What should we do?  The answer is obvious: we increase the supply of apples.  The extra 10 million pounds of apples (in the example above) does that.  Suppose instead that the government tries to decrease the cost of apples by passing a law declaring that no person can sell an apple for more than 10¢ per apple.  Would that reduce the price of apples?  Well, the answer is that it would decrease the price of an apple for only a comparatively small number of apples right after the law takes effect, e.g., for the apples which are already in the store.  But a seller who has apples to sell would try to find something else to use them for, rather than sell them at a loss.

When the government declares that a seller can only charge one dime per apple, this actually has the effect of decreasing the number of apples for sale and creating a shortage.  To avoid the price controls, some sellers would, perhaps, export their apples to a different market which is not affected by the law.  Other sellers might sell their apples for other uses – even animal food.  There certainly would not be any new orchards planted.  Some of the orchards already planted might be plowed up and used to grow something else or perhaps be used for a housing development, etc.  (Isn’t this what anyone of us would do if we could and if we were in that business?)

By contrast, if the price of apples were to rise in the Free Market, what would happen?  The sellers would see that selling apples was profitable and would try to obtain more apples to sell.  Perhaps the sellers would import apples.  Perhaps the sellers (or other persons) would plant more apple orchards.  Perhaps fewer apples would be used for juice and pear juice would be sold as a substitute for apple juice instead.

Similarly, if our goal were to decrease the value of the dollar (i.e., worsen inflation), what would we do?  We would increase the supply of dollars which are available.  Dumping an extra $6 trillion dollars into the economy (as the government did) foreseeably caused the value of the dollar (i.e., what it can buy) to decrease.  This is inflation.

So, when the government “runs the money printing presses on ‘overdrive’”, the result is inevitably that inflation will spike up (as happened).

The same things happen when the government passes other types of laws which control the price of goods.  When one of the Catholic Candle Team was in school in a leftist university town, this town had implemented rent controls over its rental housing stock.  This means that no new housing was built which could meet the student demand for housing.  This meant that students had to commute from farther away, where there was no rent control and the landlords could receive a fair rent.

After initially attempting (without success) to find an apartment in the university town, this Catholic Candle Team member ended up commuting every day from a non-rent-controlled area where Republicans had a majority (where housing was available).

By contrast, if landlords in the university town had been allowed to rent at fair value, they might not only build more housing stock but they might also remodel existing houses to make them into multiple apartment units, etc.

These government rent controls work in the same way as price controls.  They make matters worse and create shortages.  The government’s pumping huge extra amounts of money into the economy inevitably creates inflation.  Kamala Harris’ price controls would just make matters worse by adding shortages to the already-existing problem of inflation.

Fairly recent history shows this: government mandated price controls were tried back during President Nixon’s failed government policies (and they didn’t fix anything but made things worse).  If Harris had not lost (thanks be to God that she did!) that issue of price controls would be much more an issue of practical, immediate importance, since the leftists would presumably attempt to force our nation further into a socialist “command economy” in this way.

But, as it is, with Harris having lost, the topic of price controls has lost its practical urgency for now.  Nonetheless, this Democrat policy proposal could easily come back in the foreseeable future.

Open Letter to Parents Sorrowing About Their Wayward Children

Philosophy Notes

Catholic Candle note: In these times of great apostasy, we suffer many things.  All of society is arrayed against God and the Church Militant.  We need great and frequent Crosses which are the hammer blows through which God chisels our souls to form the image of Our Lord Jesus Christ.[1]

We should use the strategies which our generous Lord has given us for carrying our Crosses better and lightening them in the way He wishes.[2]

Below, is an article especially focused on one Cross which Catholic parents frequently must carry in our troubled times, when it can seem that their children are attacked by the devil from all sides.

All through the course of human history there have been parents grieving for their wayward and confused children.  When Cain killed Abel, Adam and Eve must have been so heartbroken that the first murder on earth had taken place—as a consequence of original sin!  This fact doubly hurt them because they knew that if Adam had not sinned, death would not have come into the world.  Eve knew that she influenced Adam and he chose to sin, choosing her over God (!) and because of false human respect in regard to her.  Furthermore, they knew that the human nature of all mankind was weakened because of Adam’s Fall.   

Why does God allow parents to suffer the cross of having a wayward/confused child?

For one or more of the following reasons:

1.    To teach/warn the parents that they were too lax with their children or to show the parents that they are currently raising their children in a worldly manner.

We see how Heli in the Old Testament was punished with wicked sons because he did not teach them fear of the Lord.  1 Kings, ch.3.  We see how in Proverbs (13:24) it says, “He that spareth the rod hateth his son: but he that loveth him correcteth him betimes” and “Folly is bound up in the heart of a child, and the rod of correction shall drive it away.”  Proverbs, 22:15.

2.    To humble the parents and teach them that they are not perfect parents and that they must be compassionate towards other parents who have wayward children.

3.    To purify the souls of the parents and test their hearts.

4.    To give parents the opportunity to practice the virtues of courage and trust in God

5.    To have the parents count their blessings— the Faith, God’s insights, etc.,

What can parents do when they have wayward/confused children?

1.    Fight the temptation, which will no doubt come, to have self-pity.  Remember, God uses Crosses like this to humble parents.

2.    Thank God for this Cross and pray for guidance on how to handle the child, and of course, pray for the salvation of the child.  Remember that all things, including this tribulation, “work together unto the good, for those who love God”.  Romans, 8:28.

3.    Do not condone the bad behavior and ill-will of the child.

4.    Send the message that you are always ready for the child to come to you and always ready to help him get on the right path.

5.    Reach out to instruct the child or admonish the child (as prudent, depending on the circumstances).

6.    Show patience towards the child.

7.    Show love for the child in a way that does not send the wrong message of approval for bad conduct.

8.    Let us be patient with God’s timing.  Let God work according to His Own “schedule”.  When a child is in a morally dangerous situation and there is great uncertainty, it is very human for us to wish for immediate clarity and certainty regarding that child’s situation.  But sometimes, the heaviest part of that God-given Cross is that we remain in an unresolved position of insecurity and the fact that we must calmly wait while He works on the child’s soul.[3]

9.    Avoid the temptation to be bitter towards the child. 

10. Parents should make sure they examine their consciences on how worldly they have been or are in raising their children, and of course amend

themselves immediately so their children can see their current better example.

 

11. Unite with Christ Who knows exactly what such parents are suffering.  What He suffered from ingratitude was the greatest possible suffering of this type.[4]  Reflect on Our Lord’s sorrows of this sort that He expresses in Psalm 87:19: “Friend and neighbor thou hast put far from me”. 

Compassionate Our Lord’s suffering of this variety when He spoke these words through the prophet Job:

He hath put my brethren far from me, and my acquaintances, like strangers, have departed from me.  My kinsmen have forsaken me, and they that knew me, have forgotten me.  They that dwelt in my house … have counted me a stranger, and I have been like an alien in their eyes.  …  He whom I love most is turned against me.  Job 19: 13-15, 19

12. Ponder on the words that Simeon spoke to Our Lady, “Thy own soul a sword shall pierce so that out of the hearts of many, thoughts may be revealed.”

God was preparing Our Sorrowful and tender Mother to be ready to listen to the heartache of her spiritual children and console them.  She had more anguish and suffering than all human parents put together.  Remember, she really cares about her children of the Mystical Body who were given to her by Our Lord on the Cross.

Be consoled, too, that St. Joseph and Our Lady suffered greatly when Our Lord stayed behind in Jerusalem when He was twelve.  God sent them this choice cross so they could merit abundantly when suffering it.  Likewise, so we could learn from them on what to do with our children and how to suffer such a heartache well for God’s glory.  



[1]           Read this article for strategies and encouragement in bearing our Crosses: Frequent Crosses Needed to Help Us to Turn From Sin, found here: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/03/21/frequent-crosses-needed-to-help-us-to-turn-from-sin/

[4]           Summa, III, Q.46, aa.5-6.

Lesson #40: Temperaments – Choleric Temperament – Their Spiritual Combat Part V

Philosophy Notes

Catholic Candle note: The article immediately below is part five of the study of the Choleric temperament.  The first four parts can be found here:

1.    Mary’s School of Sanctity – Lesson #36:  About the Temperaments – Beginning our Study of the Choleric Temperament: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/08/27/lesson-35-about-the-temperaments-the-choleric-temperament/

2.    Mary’s School of Sanctity – Lesson #37: About the Temperaments – Continuing Our Study of the Choleric Temperament: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/09/26/lesson-37-about-the-temperaments-continuation-of-the-choleric-temperament/

3.    Mary’s School of Sanctity – Lesson #38 — About the Temperaments – Continuing our Study of the Choleric Temperament – Their Spiritual Combat: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/10/24/lesson-38-temperaments-choleric-temperament-their-spiritual-combat/

4.    Mary’s School of Sanctity – Lesson #39 About the Temperaments – Continuing Our Study of the Choleric Temperament – That Temperament’s Spiritual Combat – Part IV: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/11/26/lesson-39-temperaments-choleric-temperament-their-spiritual-combat-part-iv/


Mary’s School of Sanctity

Lesson #40 About the Temperaments – Continuing Our Study the Choleric Temperament: Their Spiritual Combat – Part V

Note: When referring to a person with a choleric temperament in this article we simply will label him as a choleric.

In our last lesson we explained in general the passion of anger.  We saw that anger is caused by a concurrence of several passions so that anger involves a hope of vengeance (whether just or unjust).  We included the following lists of points which will need to be discussed in order to better understand anger as a passion and to see how crucial it is for anyone to be well aware of the proper use of anger.   

·         What does anger do and how does it move the soul to action?

 

·         What role does reason play in the use of anger?

·         How does justice fit in with the use of anger?

·         If anger can be unjust, and if can lead to many dangers; what are these possible dangers?

·         How should one fight his feelings of unjust anger?

Because cholerics are very prone to anger, they have a special need for caution regarding their anger.  Hence, it is so important that they have a good comprehension of the passion of anger.

So let us begin by giving some background information on anger and how it works in the soul.

What motivates anger?

St. Thomas Aquinas explains that anger arises in connection with something we suffer or that we perceive that we suffer. Here is his explanation:

Anger is the desire to hurt another for the purpose of just vengeance.  However, unless some injury has been done, there is no question of vengeance; nor does any injury provoke one to vengeance, but only that which is done to the person who seeks vengeance; for just as everything naturally seeks its own good, so does it [everything] naturally repel its own evil. But injury done by anyone does not affect a man unless in some way it be something done against him.  Consequently, the motive of a man’s anger is always something done against him.[1]

This anger as a result of something done to us can include something done to others as St. Thomas shows here:

If we are angry with those who harm others, and seek to be avenged on them, it is because those who are injured belong in some way to us: either by some kinship or friendship, or at least because of the nature we have in common.[2]

In addition to harm done to ourselves and/or others, we can also take offense if something we love is despised by another, as St. Thomas explains here:

When we take a very great interest in a thing, we look upon it as our own good; so that if anyone despise it, it seems as though we ourselves were despised and injured.[3]

St. Thomas also tells us about a concept that seems paradoxical but is nonetheless true.  He puts forth the objection as follows and then answers it:

Objection #4: Further, he that holds his tongue when another insults him, provokes him to greater anger, as Chrysostom observes (Hom. xxii, in Ep. ad Rom.)[4]. But by holding his tongue he does the other no harm.  Therefore, a man is not always provoked to anger by something done against him.

Reply #4: Silence provokes the insulter to anger when he thinks it is due to contempt, as though his anger were slighted and a slight is an action.[5]

Of course, when we are insulted, Our Lord would not want us to retaliate but to imitate Him by being meek.  He was insulted many times and did not open His Mouth.  So if someone takes offense because we silently take an insult, we need not worry about that person’s attitude.  We have an obligation to set a good example whether other people like it or not.

St. Thomas explains how the main cause of anger is someone slighting us or showing us contempt.  He quotes Aristotle saying that anger is “a desire, with sorrow, for vengeance, on account of a seeming slight done unbecomingly.[6]

 St. Thomas explains being slighted as a motivation for anger as follows:

All the causes of anger are reduced to slight. For slight is of three kinds, as stated in [Aristotle’s work] Rhetoric Bk.2; ch.2, #1378a31 viz., contempt,   despiteful treatment, i.e., hindering one from doing one’s will, and insolence; and all motives of anger are reduced to these three.  Two reasons may be assigned for this.  First, because anger seeks another’s hurt as being a means of just vengeance, wherefore it seeks vengeance in so far as it seems just.  However, just vengeance is taken only for that which is done unjustly; hence, that which provokes anger is always something considered in the light of an injustice.

Wherefore the Philosopher says (Rhetoric Bk.2, ch. 3 #1380b16) that men are not angry if they think they have wronged someone and are suffering justly on that account; because there is no anger at what is just.  However, injury is done to another in three ways: namely, through ignorance, through passion, and through choice.  Then, most of all, a man does an injustice, when he does an injury from choice, on purpose, or from deliberate malice, as stated in Ethics Bk. 5, ch. 8 #1135b24 &1136a4.  Wherefore we are most of all angry with those who, in our opinion, have hurt us on purpose.  For if we think that someone has done us an injury through ignorance or through passion, either we are not angry with them at all, or very much less, since to do anything through ignorance or through passion takes away from the notion of injury, and to a certain extent calls for mercy and forgiveness.  Those, on the other hand, who commit an injury on purpose, seem to sin from contempt; wherefore we are angry with them most of all.  Hence, the Philosopher says (Rhetoric Bk.2, ch. 3 #1380a34) that we are either not angry at all, or not very angry with those who have acted through anger, because they do not seem to have acted slightingly.

The second reason is because a slight is opposed to a man’s excellence because men think little of things that are not worth much ado (Rhetoric Bk. 2, ch. 2 #1378b13). However, we seek for some kind of excellence from all our goods.  Consequently whatever injury is inflicted on us, in so far as it is derogatory to our excellence, seems to savor of a slight.[7]

St. Thomas tells us about various forms of being slighted, such as, being forgotten by others; that others should rejoice in our misfortunes; that they [others] should make known our evils; being hindered from doing as we like. He explains these in details as follows:

Each of those causes amounts to some kind of slight.  Thus, forgetfulness is a clear sign of slight esteem, for the more we think of a thing the more is it fixed in our memory.  Again, if a man does not hesitate by his remarks to give pain to another, this seems to show that he thinks little of him: and those too who show signs of hilarity when another is in misfortune, seem to care little about his good or evil.  Again, he that hinders another from carrying out his will, without deriving thereby any profit to himself, seems not to care much for his friendship. Consequently, all those things, in so far as they are signs of contempt, provoke anger.[8]

St. Thomas continues his treatment of the causes of anger still further in this section of the Summa.  One additional note we need to take from St. Thomas is his comment on the fact that, when a man excels in some aspect, e.g., he is wealthy or wise, he can be angered easily.  The reason he gives for this is:

However, it is evident that the more excellent a man is, the more unjust is a slight offered him in the matter in which he excels.  Consequently, those who excel in any matter, are most of all angry, if they be slighted in that matter; for instance, a wealthy man in his riches, or an orator in his eloquence, and so forth.[9]

On the other hand, St. Thomas explains that those who suffer from a lack of excellence in some way also become easily angered.  His comment follows:

Secondly, the cause of anger, in the man who is angry, may be considered on the part of the disposition produced in him by the motive aforesaid. However, it is evident that nothing moves a man to anger except a hurt that grieves him, while whatever savors of defect is above all a cause of grief since men who suffer from some defect are more easily hurt.  And this is why men who are weak, or subject to some other defect, are more easily angered, since they are more easily grieved.[10]

There is a connection we should briefly mention here between anger and humility.   One’s excellence – real or perceived – must be accompanied by humility.  Otherwise, a person would be greatly tempted to think he is better than he really is and he would fall into anger if others do not recognize his excellence.  Likewise, if someone has a defect which he could make efforts to overcome and he does not try to improve, he could also fall into anger if anyone attributes his defects to his refusal to make the necessary efforts.

A Preview…

In our next lesson we will look more at what anger does to the body and the role that reason plays in anger.



[1]           Summa Theologica, Ia IIae, Q.47, a.1, Respondeo (bracketed word added for clarification).

[2]           Summa Theologica, Ia IIae, Q.47, a.1 ad 2.

[3]           Summa Theologica , Ia IIae, Q.47, a. 1, ad 3.

[4]           This citation refers  St. John Chrysostom in his Homily 22 for St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans

[5]           Summa Theologica , Ia IIae, Q.47, a.1, ad 4.

 

[6]           Quote taken from Aristotle’s Rhetoric Book 2, chapter 2, #1378a31.

[7]           Summa Theologica , Ia IIae, Q.47, a.2, Respondeo.

[8]           Summa Theologica , Ia IIae, Q.47, a.2, ad 3.

[9]           Summa Theologica , Ia IIae, Q.47, a.3, Respondeo.

[10]         Summa Theologica , Ia IIae, Q.47, a.3, Respondeo.

In case you missed it — December 2024

The Leftists’ Anti-Resiliency Program

In the past, Catholic Candle has shown how the Catholic Faith and the Catholic life of virtue make a person strong in character and resilient in addressing the “slings and arrows of outrageous fortune”[1] which are a normal part of every life.

In contrast to these blessed effects when a man lives the way God wants him to live, the Marxists and leftists are trying to weaken everyone and to destroy personal resilience in society.  Read, e.g., this article: The Leftist Attack on Personal Resilience, found here: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/01/10/the-leftist-attack-on-personal-resilience/

A further, recent example of this comes from the large leftist British newspaper, The Guardian, which offered “confidential, impartial, professional counseling” to its employees who feel anxious or distraught because Trump won the recent presidential election in the United States.[2]

Truly, the leftists are a fragile “bunch”!  Can you imagine conservatives needing professional counseling because they were anxious or distraught because Kamala Harris was elected?  It would not happen because conservatives are not so frail. 

This should show even the leftists themselves that there must be something wrong with their ideology that it makes them so prone to being “triggered” and turns them into weaklings who are unable to cope with life without being coddled and treated by professional “counselors”.

 

Protecting Ourselves from a Bad Pope or Bad Superior

Catholic Candle note: Sedevacantism is wrong and is (material or formal) schism.  Catholic Candle is not sedevacantist.  We recommend a small book explaining the errors of sedevacantism.  It is available:

  Here, for free: https://catholiccandle.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/sedevacantism-material-or-formal-schism.pdf

  Here, at cost ($4): https://www.amazon.com/Sedevacantism-Material-Quanta-Cura-Press/dp/B08FP5NQR6/ref=sr_1_1

Below is the fourth article in a series which covers specific aspects of the error of sedevacantism.

As context for this fourth article of this series against the error of sedevacantism, let us recall what we saw in the earlier three articles:

In the first article, we saw that we cannot know whether Pope Francis (or anyone else) is a formal heretic (rather than a material heretic only) – and thus whether he is outside the true Catholic Church – based simply on his persistent, public teaching of a heretical opinion.[1]

Then in the second article, we saw that we must not judge a man to be a formal heretic if he professes to be Catholic and says he believes what a Catholic must believe now, in order to be Catholic now.  When a person professes a heretical opinion, we must judge him in the most favorable light (if we judge him at all).  So, we must avoid rash judgment and we must not judge negatively the interior culpability of the pope and the 1.2 billion people who profess that they are Catholic.  We must not judge they are not “real” Catholics if they tell us that they are Catholics.[2]

Thus, we must judge Pope Francis to be a material heretic, not a formal heretic, and that he is the pope.  Regarding any of the world’s 1.2 billion self-described Catholics who hold heresy, we must judge them (if we judge them at all) to be material heretics only, unless they themselves tell us that they know they don’t qualify to be Catholics.[3]

In the third article, we examined briefly the important difference between persons in authority who fulfill their duty to judge those under their charge in the external forum, as compared to a sedevacantist or anyone else except God who judges the interior culpability of other persons and (rashly) judges them to be formal heretics.[4]

But we noted at the end of the third article that a person could ask:

If we are   If we are forbidden to judge for ourselves that Pope Francis knows that he is denying the Catholic Faith and knows he does not qualify to be a Catholic;

then

If we are   Are Catholics defenseless against the pope’s heresies, since we cannot declare – “for our own protection” – that he is not the pope?

This question presents the issue of whether our declaring that we have no pope provides us with better protection against his heresies.  We address this issue below.


Protecting Ourselves from Evil without Judging the Pope’s Interior Culpability

We have seen previously that, concerning any person who teaches heresy, we should not judge his interior culpability and declare that he is a formal heretic (and so is not a Catholic).  However, this does not mean we should let him teach catechism to our children.  This is because our children would be equally harmed by his errors, however interiorly blameless the man might be for professing his heresy.

Without judging a person’s interior culpability, we should take into account the person’s wrong-doing (which we must judge objectively).  For, just as when a man is prone to take other people’s umbrellas, we should keep a close eye on our own umbrella (when he is present) even if he innocently took all of those other umbrellas in the past.

Likewise, it is equally important that we warn people to avoid the teachings of anyone who teaches errors against the Faith, regardless of whether he teaches these errors innocently.  We should be wary and warn others about him simply based on his proneness to teach error (heresy), whether he is interiorly culpable or not – that is, whether he is a formal heretic or “only” a material heretic.

This truth applies to how we should regard popes too.  Just as if we had lived during the reign of Pope John XXII (reigned 1316-1334) – who persistently preached a particular heresy both before and during his reign – we would need to be especially vigilant against error with regard to all of his teachings, given that we have one example of his heretical teaching .[5] 

Likewise, since we live during the reign of Pope Francis, we must be especially vigilant with regard to all of his teachings since we know of many examples of his heretical opinions.  But in the case of neither of these popes should we rashly judge that he is a formal heretic and is not a “real” pope.  Instead, we must recognize that both popes are bad popes (in the objective sense of teaching heresy), especially Pope Francis.

Note that neither of these popes taught heresy using the conditions set forth for an ex cathedra infallible pronouncement.[6]  That would be impossible.  The Holy Ghost would never allow a pope to teach error infallibly.  So we know that it could never happen that Pope Francis or any other pope could use his ex cathedra infallible authority to teach error. 

The whole reason for the Church’s infallible assurance that no pope can teach heresy when he teaches ex cathedra, is because under any other conditions a pope CAN teach heresy.  That is, any other statement by any pope is not infallibly guaranteed to be true (by the sole fact that he made the statement)[7].  Such a statement could possibly be heretical.  Pope John XXII and Pope Francis are both examples of a pope teaching heresy (but, of course, not ex cathedra).[8]

Although we should always make sure that any pope’s statements harmonized with the deposit of the Catholic Faith, we should especially be on our guard about the statements made by a pope whom we know to have taught heresy.

But if we were to (rashly) judge the pope (or anyone else) to be interiorly culpable for his heretical opinion (or any other bad thing), this would not help us to protect ourselves any better but would only be our sin of pride.  By our rash judgment we would be raising ourselves in our own esteem and in the esteem of others by concluding that we know that the pope’s soul is lower (as compared to our own soul), than would be the case if his error were innocent and he were not interiorly culpable.[9] 


Follow-up Question: Catholic Candle states that sedevacantism is schism.  Is that an exaggeration or are all sedevacantists schismatics?

That is a good question!  But that topic will have to be addressed at another time.



[5]           Read about Pope John XXII’s reign and heretical preaching here: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/09/26/cc-in-brief-sedevacantist-questions/

[6]           The conditions for ex cathedra papal infallibility were dogmatically set out in Vatican I’s document, Pastor Aeternus, are: 1) the pope must teach as the pastor and teacher of all Christians; 2) using his supreme apostolic authority; 3) on a matter of faith or morals; 4) which must be held by the universal Church.

[7]           The pope (and anyone else) can “say something infallible” by repeating a truth which is infallible.  We are not considering that type of “infallible statement”.

[8]           Of course, in order to not rashly judge the pope, we would judge him to be a material heretic, not a formal heretic, if we judge him at all.  https://catholiccandle.org/2024/09/26/cc-in-brief-sedevacantist-questions/

[9]           Summa, IIa IIae, Q.60, a.4, ad 2.

Words to Live by – from Catholic Tradition

 

The Mystical Doctor of the Catholic Church reminds us that God Protects Us during the Darkness of our Times.

 

Words of St. John of the Cross:

 

Live in Faith and Hope even though you are in darkness, because it is in these darknesses that God protects your soul.  Cast your care upon God, for He watches over you and will not forget you.  Do not think that He leaves you alone; that would be an affront to Him.

 

St. John of the Cross in a letter to a Discalced Carmelite nun shortly before Pentecost, 1590.

 

 

The Duties and Role that God has given Men

Catholic Candle note: This is a “companion” article to these two articles:

  The one regarding men being more blamable than women or children for the ongoing destruction in civil society and in the human element of the Catholic Church.  That other article is entitled: The Crisis in Society is Caused by Unmanly Men, and can be found here: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/07/22/the-crisis-in-society-is-caused-by-unmanly-men/

  The article entitled: The False Principle of “Diversity and Inclusion”: https://catholiccandle.org/2022/01/05/the-false-principle-of-diversity-and-inclusion/

God created man to lead his family and society.  He created the all-male clergy to lead the Church.  But in all of those contexts, God gave this role and authority to man for the good of his family, society, and the Church, not merely to enable a man to fulfill his own selfish desires.  St. Paul puts this same duty as follows:

We that are stronger, ought to bear the infirmities of the weak.

Romans, 15:1.

From this principle (which is a commandment) springs the unselfish gentlemanliness of a good man towards his family and also, secondarily, towards all women, children, and all those in need.

St. Paul explains how this true manliness is practiced in marriage, when he compares the husband to Christ Himself: 

The husband is the head of the wife, as Christ is the head of the

Church.

Ephesians, 5:23. 

We know that Christ has loved us and gave everything for our sake:

Walk in love, as Christ also hath loved us, and hath delivered Himself for us, an oblation and a sacrifice to God for an odor of sweetness.

Ephesians, 5:2. 

Thus, a man must be Christ-like and be an oblation and a sacrifice first of all, for God, then for his wife and children.  But after that, he must be a gentleman and be chivalrous for all women, children, and all those in need because:

We that are stronger, ought to bear the infirmities of the weak.

Romans, 15:1.

A man’s sacrificial love must extend to a man “delivering himself up for” his wife especially, in order to sanctify his wife, as St. Paul makes clear:

Husbands, love your wives, as Christ also loved the church, and delivered Himself up for it; that He might sanctify it, cleansing it by the laver of water in the word of life.

Ephesians, 5:25-6. 

This shows that man must be a spiritual director of his wife.[1]  But this also shows that a man must have Christ’s spirit of self-sacrifice and this is eminently honorable, magnanimous, and manly.


Fatherhood and Manhood

Fatherhood and manhood are so intertwined that they are virtually inseparable.  This is like the inextricable connection between womanhood and motherhood.[2]  A man who is not called to be the father to children in his own family, is still called to be a father in other ways, e.g., a priest, who is the spiritual father of a parish.  There are also many other ways a man is called to be a father, a protector, an advisor, and a guide, such as an employer should be a father to his employees.[3]

So, fatherhood (patriarchy) is simply men fulfilling the role for which God created them and which role is His Will for them.  Here is how anti-feminist author, Mrs. Donna Steichen, stated this truth of Nature and of the Catholic Faith:

The term patriarchy refers to the male-headed family form and social system expressed in Scripture and existing everywhere in human society.  In the Church, it is a title referring to bishops who rank just below the Pope in jurisdiction, though Catholic feminists use the word to mean the male priesthood and the entire male hierarchy.  In all cases, it is properly an office, not a declaration of qualitative superiority.[4]


St. Athanasius, a Model of Fatherhood

We see this fatherhood in the life and work of the great St. Athanasius, Doctor of the Church, in his care for his flock.  Look at his fatherly solicitude for his flock in the letter below, written during the persecutions they suffered:

Letter of St. Athanasius to his flock

May God console you! …  What saddens you … is the fact that others have occupied the churches by violence, while during this time you are on the outside. It is a fact that they have the premises – but you have the apostolic Faith. They can occupy our churches, but they are outside the true Faith.  You remain outside the places of worship, but the Faith dwells within you.  Let us consider: what is more important, the place or the Faith?  The true Faith, obviously.  Who has lost and who has won in this struggle – the one who keeps the premises or the one who keeps the Faith?

True, the premises are good when the apostolic Faith is preached there; they are holy if everything takes place there in a holy way. …  You are the ones who are happy: you who remain within the church by your faith, who hold firmly to the foundations of the Faith which has come down to you from apostolic Tradition.  And if an execrable jealousy has tried to shake it on a number of occasions, it has not succeeded.  They are the ones who have broken away from it in the present crisis.

No one, ever, will prevail against your faith, beloved brothers.  And we believe that God will give us our churches back some day.

Thus, the more violently they try to occupy the places of worship, the more they separate themselves from the Church.  They claim that they represent the Church; but in reality, they are the ones who are expelling themselves from it and going astray.

Even if Catholics faithful to Tradition are reduced to a handful, they are the ones who are the true Church of Jesus Christ.

The Selfless Duty of a Man Corresponds to the Duty of Obedience of Those under His Care.

We saw above that God made man to be the leader of his family and made man to lead society and the Church.  Along with this God-given role, God made man with the obligation to unselfishly fulfill his role for the good of those under his care.  This is the natural and supernatural source of the gentlemanliness and fatherliness that God intends to be part of manhood and to be exercised by men everywhere.

So just as God made parents to be wiser than the children whom they are raising and to be well-suited for directing their children, so God gave parents the corresponding duty to selflessly raise those children and to govern their children for the good of those children, rather than for any selfish advantage of the parents.

Because God made the father and the mother wiser and well-suited to direct their children, He declared that children have the corresponding obligation to the parents to be subject to them.  Thus, God commands children:

Honor thy father and thy mother.

Exodus, 20:12.

So, we see that God requires the parents’ efforts to selflessly raise their children and requires the corresponding obedience of the children to enable the success of those efforts.

Analogously, just as God made man to be wiser than woman and to be adept at guiding her, so God gave man the duty to guide his wife selflessly and to govern her for her own good, rather than for any selfish advantage to himself. 

As God requires the man’s diligent efforts to guide his wife, so God requires the obedience of the wife in a way analogous to the way that God requires the obedience of the children to both parents.  Thus, God commands:

Let women be subject to their husbands, as to the Lord.

Ephesians, 5:22.

With children obeying their parents and with wives obeying their husbands, we see the orderliness and harmony of God’s All-Wise Plan.


Further Reflections on the Connection between a Man’s Duty to Selflessly Guide and His Wife’s Duty to Diligently Obey

St. John Chrysostom shows the orderliness and concord of God’s plan (i.e., the man’s selfless governing and the wife’s careful obedience), in these words addressed to each man:

Govern your wife, and thus will the whole house be in harmony.  Hear what St. Paul says. ‘And if they [wives] would learn anything, let them ask their own husbands at home’ [1 Cor. 14:35].[5]

St. Paul shows a man’s selfless governing of his wife must be Christlike just as her diligent obedience to her husband must be like the obedience of the Church to Christ:

Wives, be in subjection unto your own husbands, as unto the Lord.  For the husband is the head of the wife, as Christ also is the head of the Church: being Himself the Savior of the body. But as the Church is subject to Christ, so let the wives also be to their husbands in everything.

Ephesians, 5:22-24.


The Obedience We Must Give to Those Whom God Places over Us Is Not Vexing

Some women, with a less womanly (and more tom-boyish or manly) spirit, might dislike the truth that they must obey their husbands.  But women should no more be saddened by the Catholic Faith (and true philosophy – i.e., reason) telling them to obey their husbands, than children should be saddened to obey their parents raising them.

Similarly, laymen should not be saddened or minimize the obedience that God willed that they give to their priests and to the hierarchy throughout the entire history of the Church.  To be saddened or to minimize the obedience we owe, shows an imperfect spirit and stinginess with God – just as (analogously) being saddened by the approach of Lent with its obligations of greater penance. 

How happy and attractive is the willing obedience of children to their parents and students to their teachers!  How happy and attractive is willing obedience of wives to their husbands, of laymen to the Church authorities, and of citizens to the rulers God has given to them![6]


This Duty of a Man to Govern Well and the Duty of Obedience of those under his Care, Show the Orderliness of God’s Creation and His All-Wise Plan

God does everything is a way which is most orderly and perfect.  Let us look at what is required for this orderliness. 

Difference is the basis for the order in things.  If there were no differences between things, there could be no order between them.  The very idea of order includes within it the concept of priority and of posteriority, and hence, of difference and inequality.  In fact, that very separateness, i.e., the distinctions among things, is the principle of all order.

Here is how St. Thomas Aquinas, greatest Doctor of the Church, teaches this important point, quoting Aristotle:

As the Philosopher says (Metaph. v, text. 16), the terms “before” and “after” are used in reference to some principle.  Now order implies that certain things are, in some way, before or after.  Hence, wherever there is a principle, there must needs be also order of some kind.

Summa, IIa IIae, Q.26, a.1 respondeo.


God makes creatures unequal.

God made difference and inequality in all creatures.  As Ecclesiasticus teaches:

Why does one day excel another, and one light another, and one year another year…?  By the knowledge of the Lord, they were distinguished.

Ecclesiasticus, Ch. 33, vv. 7-8.

Therefore, just as God’s Wisdom is the cause of His making all creatures, so His Wisdom is the cause of Him making creatures unequal. 

Here is St. Thomas Aquinas’ fuller explanation of this truth:

[I]t must be said that as the wisdom of God is the cause of the distinction of things, so the same wisdom is the cause of their inequality.  This may be explained as follows.  A twofold distinction is found in things; one is a formal distinction as regards things differing specifically; the other is a material distinction as regards things differing numerically only.  And as the matter is on account of the form, material distinction exists for the sake of the formal distinction.  Hence, we see that in incorruptible things there is only one individual of each species, forasmuch as the species is sufficiently preserved in the one; whereas in things generated and corruptible there are many individuals of one species for the preservation of the species.  Whence it appears that formal distinction is of greater consequence than material.  Now, formal distinction always requires inequality, because as the Philosopher says (Metaph. viii, 10), the forms of things are like numbers in which species vary by addition or subtraction of unity.  Hence, in natural things species seem to be arranged in degrees; as the mixed things are more perfect than the elements, and plants than minerals, and animals than plants, and men than other animals; and in each of these, one species is more perfect than others.  Therefore, as the divine wisdom is the cause of the distinction of things for the sake of the perfection of the universe, so it is the cause of inequality.  For the universe would not be perfect if only one grade of goodness were found in things.

Summa, Ia, Q.47, a.2 respondeo (emphasis added).

By making some creatures inferior to other creatures, the whole of creation is more perfect than it otherwise would be.

Here is St. Thomas Aquinas’ fuller explanation of this truth:

It is part of the best agent to produce an effect which is best in its entirety; but this does not mean that He makes every part of the whole the best absolutely, but in proportion to the whole; in the case of an animal, for instance, its goodness would be taken away if every part of it had the dignity of an eye.  Thus, therefore, God also made the universe to be best as a whole, according to the mode of a creature; whereas He did not make each single creature best, but one better than another.  And therefore, we find it said of each creature, “God saw the light, that it was good” (Genesis 1:4); and in like manner of each one of the rest.  But of all together it is said, “God saw all the things that He had made, and they were very good” (Genesis 1:31).

Summa, Ia, Q.47, a.2, ad 1.

So, we see that the different roles of men and women are part of God’s wise plan and the order of the family and society.  The man’s duty and the corresponding obedience of those under his care are an inequality which results in God’s creation being more orderly, since inequality is necessary for order.

That very idea of order includes within it the concept of priority and of posteriority, and hence, of difference.  In fact, those very differences, i.e., the distinctions among people, is the essential principle of all familial, social, political, economic, military, and religious order.  For example, in a proper military order, an army cannot have all generals or all privates.  The army cannot have all equipment operators or all cooks.  And so on.

St. Paul emphasizes that God made men unequal and made them to have different roles, strengths, and weaknesses.  Here are St. Paul’s words:

For as the body is one, and hath many members; and all the members of the body, whereas they are many, yet are one body, so also is Christ.  For in one Spirit were we all baptized into one body, whether Jews or Gentiles, whether bond or free; and in one Spirit we have all been made to drink.  For the body also is not one member, but many.  If the foot should say, because I am not the hand, I am not of the body; is it therefore not of the body?  And if the ear should say, because I am not the eye, I am not of the body; is it therefore not of the body?  If the whole body were the eye, where would be the hearing?  If the whole were hearing, where would be the smelling?  But now God hath set the members every one of them in the body as it hath pleased Him.  And if they all were one member, where would be the body?  But now there are many members indeed, yet one body.  And the eye cannot say to the hand: I need not thy help; nor again the head to the feet: I have no need of you.  Yea, much more those that seem to be the more feeble members of the body, are more necessary.  And such as we think to be the less honorable members of the body, about these we put more abundant honor; and those that are our uncomely parts, have more abundant comeliness.  But our comely parts have no need: but God hath tempered the body together, giving to that which wanted the more abundant honor, that there might be no schism in the body; but the members might be mutually careful one for another.  And if one member suffers anything, all the members suffer with it; or if one member glory, all the members rejoice with it.

1 Corinthians, 12:12-27 (emphasis added).

As St. Paul shows us, God did not make every man to play whatever role that man chooses.  Some men are made more honorable members of society, some, less.  Some men are made the “eyes” of the collective group and some are made the “feet”.  Id.

St. Paul emphasizes that these differences between men give rise to the obligation that “the members might be mutually careful one for another”.  Id.

Part of this inequality which is planned by the Wisdom of God, is the inequality between men and women.  Although, in a way, the Eternal Wisdom made all unequal creatures to be complementary (as well as unequal), this is especially true of men and women.

Thus, God made man and woman to be especially complementary because of the very different and harmonious roles that He intends them to have in life.


Man must Fulfill the Role for which God Created Him

We saw above that God’s order in creation is most perfect and that God made the most perfect possible universe.  Part of the perfection of this order is God creating men to have the authority and the responsibility of unselfishly protecting, guiding, and caring for those whom God put under their charge (their wives, children, and, perhaps, others).

Thus, we see that men are to blame for most of the evil of the feminism that we see all around us.  Men are really the evil “fathers” of feminism and are more responsible for the feminist revolution than women are. 

Because man is the head of woman, it is principally man’s failure in his role and duty of manhood that gives rise to feminism.

Man’s failures of his responsibilities are of two types:

1.    He sometimes fails because he is irresponsible and lazy.  This results in him failing to be selfless and diligent in expending himself to rule, to guide, and to promote the welfare of those under his care – and to do his duty even when he does not feel like doing so. 

2.    A man sometimes fails because he is selfish and predatory.  This results in him abusing the authority that God gave him by using it for his own self-interest and advantage, instead of for the interests of those under his care.

We will look at each of these failures in turn.


Man’s Failure to do His Duty because He is Irresponsible or Lazy

A man is not only responsible for governing himself, but also for the proper order in the other members of his family (and of society to the extent part of it is under his care). 

A man commits this type of failure when he does not want to correct or guide someone who needs it and for whom he is responsible.  Although this failure can be a mortal sin, it is not as grave a sin as the second type of failure mentioned above (viz., using his authority to aggrandize himself).

Men are most to blame for disorder in their families and similarly are most to blame for disorder in society.  If we had more true men, then feminism would come to an end, and society would have more true women. 

A man who is not so evil as to promote the feminist revolution, is still to blame if he fails in his duty to diligently do his part to lead women and all of society to reject feminism (as well as other evils).  Part of a man’s duty is to govern and guide his own wife.  By failing to do this, he is derelict in his duties like a king who does not rule his kingdom because he wants to devote all his time to gambling, or the chase (e.g., foxes), or some other pastime. 

Here is how St. John Chrysostom taught this truth (preaching to the men of his congregation):

Govern your wife, and thus will the whole house be in harmony.  Hear what St. Paul says. ‘And if they [wives] would learn anything, let them ask their own husbands at home’ [1 Cor. 14:35].[7]

We see here that St. John Chrysostom is reminding men that they must govern their wives so that the home and family are orderly and harmonious. 

Of course, it is not only a man’s wife that he must guide but also anyone else for whom he is responsible – most commonly his children.  We see an example of this duty being breached in the first book of Kings, where God says concerning Heli:

I will judge his house for ever, for iniquity, because he knew that his sons did wickedly, and did not chastise them.

1 Kings, 3:13 (emphasis added).

Besides a man’s responsibility for his wife and children, he might have various responsibilities for leading society (or part of society) in some other way.  He must use his authority and carefully fulfill his responsibility in order for society to be orderly and harmonious.  This is why Pope St. Pius X admonished men that:

In our days more than ever, the greatest strength of evil men is the cowardice and weakness of those who are good.[8]

When men fail to fulfill their duties to their families or to society, – and most men are failing in our times – it causes chaos and strife in society.  So, it is plain that men are most to blame for the problems in society that we see all around us.


The Second Way a Man can Fail in His Duty to Care for those in his Charge is by being Selfish and Predatory.

In the Charles Dickens novel, Nicholas Nickleby, there is a memorable example of a man using his authority for his own selfish advantage.  This novel depicts an English country schoolmaster, Squeers, who uses his authority over his students for his own advantage, instead of selflessly seeking to benefit his students, as he should have.  Below, Schoolmaster Squeers explains to his new assistant schoolmaster, Nicholas Nickleby, how he “teaches” his students:

‘This is the first class in English spelling and philosophy, Nickleby,’ said Squeers, beckoning Nicholas to stand beside him.  ‘We’ll get up a Latin one, and hand that over to you.  Now, then, where’s the first boy?’

‘Please, sir, he’s cleaning the back-parlor window,’ said the temporary head of the philosophical class.

‘So he is, to be sure,’ rejoined Squeers.  ‘We go upon the practical mode of teaching, Nickleby; the regular education system. C-l-e-a-n, clean, verb active, to make bright, to scour.  W-i-n, win, d-e-r, der, winder, a casement.  When the boy knows this out of book, he goes and does it. It’s just the same principle as the use of the globes. Where’s the second boy?’

‘Please, sir, he’s weeding the garden,’ replied a small voice.

‘To be sure,’ said Squeers, by no means disconcerted.  ‘So he is.  B-o-t, bot, t-i-n, tin, bottin, n-e-y, ney, bottinney, noun substantive, a knowledge of plants.  When he has learned that bottinney means a knowledge of plants, he goes and knows ‘em. Thats our system, Nickleby: what do you think of it?’

‘It’s very useful one, at any rate,’ answered Nicholas.

‘I believe you,’ rejoined Squeers, not remarking the emphasis of his usher. ‘Third boy, what’s horse?’

A beast, sir,’ replied the boy.

‘So it is,’ said Squeers.

‘Ain’t it, Nickleby?’

‘I believe there is no doubt of that, sir,’ answered Nicholas.

‘Of course there isn’t,’ said Squeers.  ‘A horse is a quadruped, and quadruped’s Latin for beast, as everybody that’s gone through the grammar knows, or else where’s the use of having grammars at all?’

‘Where, indeed!’ said Nicholas abstractedly.

‘As you’re perfect in that,’ resumed Squeers, turning to the boy, ‘go and look after MY horse, and rub him down well, or I’ll rub you down.  The rest of the class go and draw water up, till somebody tells you to leave off, for it’s washing-day tomorrow, and they want the coppers filled.’[9]

This example, of course, is an appalling caricature of a man abusing his authority.  Squeers is in charge but his authority is for the good of his students, in order to teach them and to develop their minds.  Instead, he seeks only his own advantage and not their good.

This is like the importance of a judge using his authority for the sake of justice.  He might not render judgment in the way desired by those whose case is before him.  But he must not render judgment in a self-interested way (e.g., according to who pays him the largest bribes, or by inflicting harm on someone because of hatred rather than justice).

Similarly, God made a man to be in charge of his family (and, sometimes, in charge of others too).  But He gave this authority for the good of those he governs – not to be used selfishly.

So, the authority a man has over his family requires their obedience to his decisions.  This is why St. Paul commanded women:

Let women be subject to their husbands, as to the Lord.

Ephesians, 5:22

But a man must use his God-given authority for the good of those under his care.  St. Paul tells men how they must use their authority, namely sacrificially, for the good of their wives, not for their own selfish advantage:

Husbands, love your wives, as Christ also loved the church, and delivered Himself up for it.

Ephesians, 5:25 (emphasis added).

When a man uses his authority for his own selfish advantage, using the levers of his power and authority to aggrandize himself, this is an abuse. 

Although a man must govern for the good of those under his care, that does not necessarily mean exercising his authority according to their preferences.  So, e.g., if a school boy told his teacher that learning to read was too hard and begged to be allowed to play during reading class, the teacher would be required to exercise his authority to have the boy learn to read.


The Proper Order: Manly Men and Womanly Women

Right-thinking people of both sexes want men to be manly men and not act like women.[10]  Thus, the most perfect man – viz., Our Lord – is the manliest of men.  St. Gregory Nazianzen, Doctor of the Church, stated the truth of Our Lord’s Manhood:

There is in Him [i.e., Christ] nothing womanly, nothing unmanly.[11]

Men must be clear-thinking, strong of will, virtuous, and strong of body, to the best of their efforts.  When a man’s body fails him due to disease or age, he must continue in virtue, in the clarity of thought, in the strength of will (and body) to the best of his ability.  The manliest thing a man can do is control himself and this is his first responsibility at any age.

To take a parallel example, just as right-thinking persons of both sexes want men to be manly, so in the same way, all right-thinking citizens want policemen to have and to exercise their authority in a manly way.  Similarly, they want policemen to be strong of body and forceful (so they can do their duty to enforce the law). 

Of course, if that policeman unjustly takes a woman’s purse (for example), this is wrong whether that policeman took her purse by abusing his authority (e.g., by ordering her to give him her purse) or by abusing his strength to take her purse because he is stronger than she is. 

The problem is not that policemen are strong and have authority.  They must have strength and authority to do their job well!  The problem would be if they abuse that strength or authority.  Such abuse does not change the fact that policemen should have manly authority and strength.  But if they abuse these things, then they are bad, unworthy of their position, and are deserving of punishment.

When policemen abuse their authority or strength, this shows they are poor-excuses for policemen, just like a man is a poor-excuse for a man (i.e., unmanly) if he is a bully. 


The Poisonous Leftist Lies They Call “Toxic Masculinity”

As we saw above, God made men to be manly.  This is obviously true since God made creation perfect and He made men to be men, not women.  But how does this fit with the leftists’ continual condemnation of so-called “toxic masculinity”?

Here is one modern dictionary which parrots the leftist position and defines “toxic masculinity” as follows:

A cultural concept of manliness that glorifies stoicism, strength, virility, and dominance, and that is socially maladaptive or harmful to mental health[12]

Similarly, the leftists say things like this:

Traditional masculinity – marked by stoicism, competitiveness, dominance, and aggression – is, on the whole, harmful.[13]

The leftists add things like this:

Achievement, eschewal of the appearance of weakness, and adventure, risk, and violence, … these standards are damaging to mental and physical health.[14]

But God made men to be like men because that is exactly how He wants them to be, viz., manly.  The leftists say that men should stop being men and should start being like women.  For example, leftists say things like this:

To the extent that any vision of “nontoxic” masculinity is proposed, it ends up sounding more like stereotypical femininity than anything else: Guys should learn to be more sensitive, quiet and socially apt ….[15]

But God intended that men have exactly the traits of a man.  God intends a man to be strong, clear-thinking, organized, sacrificial, goal-oriented, virtuous, and dedicated to using his manhood for the work God gave to him.  A man must use his manhood to serve God and to guide and to care for those that God put under his charge.

It is certainly not manly – but rather is selfish and disgusting – for man to use his manhood to “walk all over everyone else” for his own selfish interests and to grab from them whatever he desires.  God made a man stronger to protect those who are weaker, not to abuse his strength to take advantage of them. 

This is just like the example we gave above of the policeman.  He should be a man of authority and strength but should use these for the good of those over whom he has authority.

In fact, a man who uses his greater strength of mind and body as well as his authority, for his own self-interest – to selfishly grab pleasures and wealth without regard to truth, justice, purity, and to God’s law, is a poor excuse for a man, since he does not follow his reason, which directs him to live according to virtue and not according to sin. 

A man should live according to reason.  But to live for himself alone is most unreasonable.  Such a man’s life of sin is most disordered and shows that such a man is really a slave to his passions and is dominated by vice. 

So, the leftists fail to make the necessary (and obvious) distinction.  The traits of manhood are good, important, and are made by God (just as are the traits of womanhood).  But a man can use those traits well, as God intends, or he can abuse them to commit sin and to abuse those under his care.  This is like the fact that a hammer is good but can be abused, e.g., if it were used as a weapon in a robbery.

So, it is not virility, strength, or dominance themselves that are “toxic”, only the way that those traits are abused.  If men are not virile and strong in character, they are not fully men, after all.

Virtuous and manly men are society’s essential protectors, guides, and managers.  Human society needs traits like these for its very preservation.  By contrast, a bad and vicious man:

  uses his God-given protective abilities as an armed robber, a serial killer, etc.

  uses his God-given guiding ability to guide people toward his own selfish interests; and

 

  uses his God-given managing ability to direct persons or society to his selfish and demonic advantage.

So, what we need to do is promote true Catholicism, holiness, and virtue so that masculinity (which is a work of God) is used for the good.[16]  And plainly, man being the way God intends him to be, viz., a virtuous and manly man, is necessary for his happiness and his success in life.  This is the opposite of the leftist lie that man being this way would be “damaging to mental and physical health”.[17]

Even most men who consider themselves “Traditional Catholic” are weak because they are products of the society in which they live.  Most men nowadays are soft and habituated to a life of ease, pleasure, and comfort.

A Man’s Duty to Learn to Be Manly and to Teach His Sons to be Manly Men

If any man were to find himself unprepared for his role in life, he must diligently prepare himself by effort, training, and practice – better late than never!  This is analogous to the duty of a woman if she is not prepared for the role for which God created her.  She must diligently learn and prepare herself when she comes to understand her duty.

A crucial part of the man’s selfless duty towards his family is his obligation to raise his sons to be able to perform well this role for which God created them.  In the years before a boy or young man has entered into the vocation to which God will call him, he is being raised in a family in which he is “apprenticed” in the “school” of manliness, especially being trained by his father.


Men’s Duty to be Paternal and Gentlemanly

So, we see that God’s Plan answers all of society’s problems.  That is, the Catholic life (with every person fulfilling his God-given responsibilities) is the answer to all of society’s ills and so we should live this Catholic life fully!

In this, we see the “recipe” for happiness: fulfilling our duties of state according to God’s Plan – viz., men living and acting their traditional and natural role as men, in the way God made them.  And in a complementary way, women acting in their traditional and natural role as women, living the womanly life that God made them to live.

As our world gets more and more irrational and absurd (as well as more pagan and immoral), we see the answer to this crisis all around us is that our future is our past (viz., Catholic Tradition), as Pope St. Pius X used to remind us:

The true friends of the people are neither revolutionaries, nor innovators: they are traditionalists.[18]

But the devil apes this genuine Catholic solution causing the strife of his own counterfeit “solutions”.  For example:

  Instead of a man’s duty to selflessly care and govern his family, the devil promotes feminism and the “women’s equality” movement, in which women battle for their supposed “rights” and they declare they don’t need to be under the care of their husbands; and 

  Instead of an employer acting as a father to his employees, acting for their good, the devil promotes the false “solution” of employees battling for their supposed rights as directed by Marxist ideology. 

Because of Original Sin, men (and women) don’t always live up to their vocations and responsibilities.  But men should show respect for women and, more than that, they should honor women, cherish them, and be chivalrous.  God gave women into the care of their men.  This is the true, natural, and Catholic way of life.  

Men should show this chivalry in many ways, large and small, e.g., changing a flat tire for a woman motorist at the side of the road, opening a door for a woman (although she is capable of opening a door herself), giving her his seat on a crowded train, offering to help her carry her heavy packages, even when she is capable of lifting them herself, etc.

Men should be courteous to women, charitable, respectful, polite, attentive, considerate, patient, thoughtful, obliging, listening well, not failing to listen because they are formulating a new comment while a woman is talking.

God made men to compete with men.  God made women to be man’s helpmate, not his competitor.  That is one reason why the Catholic Church overcame paganism to instill into a man to be a gentleman and to be gallant toward women. 

Women and girls have their own role and dignity in God’s Plan.  God did not put them on earth merely for men’s selfishness (any more than men are on earth only for women’s selfishness).  Rather, God made women to collaborate with men in the work God intends them to accomplish, in the roles for which God created them in the family.[19]

Men should treat all women as images of Our Lady.

The weightiest lesson of all comes from the law to love our neighbors as ourselves, which St. Paul applies to women (wives) in particular:

Thus, ought husbands also to love their wives as their own bodies. Who loveth his wife, loveth himself, for no one ever hated one’s own flesh (Eph. 5:28-29).

The Catholic Church has ever been the leaven which fosters the dignity of women.  This is what the Catholic Church has to say in the context of the family:

Husbands, love your wives, as Christ also loved the Church, and delivered Himself up for it.

Ephesians 5:25. 

This means that, as Christ gave His Life for His Church, a husband should give/devote his life to his wife and to her true good.

Our Lord teaches us the generosity we should have for each other, and husbands for their wives: “Greater love than this no man hath, that a man lay down his life for his friends.”  St. John’s Gospel, 15:31.  Husbands should remember that their wives should be their best friends.

A man who loves much does not “count the cost” and he gladly sacrifices everything for his friend (especially his wife and children):

If a man should give all the substance of his house for love, he shall despise it as nothing.

Canticle of Canticles, 8:7.

We should take to heart also, as regards the women in our midst (and men, too), what our Holy Redeemer taught us:

As ye would that others should treat you, so do ye likewise to them.  …  So be compassionate as your Father also hath compassion.  Judge ye not, and ye shall not be judged.  Condemn ye not, and ye shall not be condemned.  Forgive ye, and ye shall be forgiven.  Give ye, and it shall be given unto you.  They shall give into your bosom good measure, pressed down and shaken together and overflowing.  For it shall be meted unto you again with the same measure wherewith ye have meted.

St. Luke’s Gospel, 12:31, 36-38.

 
Conclusion

God made man to be manly, to selflessly use his greater strength of mind and body for the good of those that God has placed under his care. 

Let men be manly and gentlemanly!



[1]           Cf. 1 Corinthians, 14:34-35:

Let women keep silence in the churches: for it is not permitted them to speak, but to be subject, as also the law saith.  But if they would learn anything, let them ask their husbands at home.

Emphasis added.

[2]           For an examination of the great role and crucial work of a woman’s life as provided by Catholic teaching and by the Natural Law, read this article:

https://catholiccandle.org/2019/12/02/the-role-and-work-that-god-gave-to-woman/


[3]          
A business leader should be a father to his employees and should have care for their well-being.  For example, he should not put them in moral danger arising out of their responsibilities at work or because of the atmosphere of the workplace. 

The business leader should also give his workers a living wage which enables them to be the sole breadwinners (financial supports) for their wives and children.  In other ways too, a business leader has a duty to do what he can to influence his employees for their eternal good.

Read more about this truth in Catholic Candle’s analysis of the evil Marxist program for “diversity and inclusion”.  https://catholiccandle.org/2022/01/05/the-false-principle-of-diversity-and-inclusion/

[4]           Ungodly Rage, The Hidden Face of Catholic Feminism, By Mrs. Donna Steichen, Ignatius Press, San Francisco ©1991, page 226 (emphasis added).

[5]           Words of St. John Chrysostom, Doctor of the Church, quoted from his sermon #20 on Ephesians.

[6]           The civil law is an ordinance of reason for the Common Good, promulgated by him who has care of the community.  Such civil laws are binding in conscience, that is, under pain of sin.  Summa, Ia IIae, Q.90 & Q.96, a.4

 

Obviously, God does not require or permit us to follow the command of a superior who commands us to do something sinful.  For we must “obey God rather than men”.  Acts, 5:29.

[7]           St. John Chrysostom, Doctor of the Church, Sermon #20 on Ephesians (emphasis added).

[8]           Locution of Pope St. Pius X, December 13, 1908 at the beatification decree of St. Joan of Arc.           

[9]           Nicholas Nickleby, by Charles Dickens, found here: https://www.dickens-online.info/nicholas-nickleby-page59.html & https://www.dickens-online.info/nicholas-nickleby-page60.html (emphasis added).

[10]         This is like the fact that right-thinking people of both sexes want women to be feminine (womanly) and not act like men.  The most perfect woman – viz., Our Lady – is the most feminine or womanly of women and is the model of true womanhood for all women.

[11]         St. Gregory Nazianzen, Doctor of the Church, quoted from his sermon On the Holy Easter II, published in Sunday Sermons of the Great Fathers, translated by M.F. Toal, D.D., Henry Regnery Co., Chicago, © 1957, vol. 2, page 252 (emphasis added).

 


[13]         Quoted from this article: Men are lost. Here’s a map out of the wilderness, Washington Post, found here: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/07/10/christine-emba-masculinity-new-model/


[14]         Quoted from this article: Men are lost. Here’s a map out of the wilderness, Washington Post, found here: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/07/10/christine-emba-masculinity-new-model/


[15]         Quoted from this article: Men are lost. Here’s a map out of the wilderness, Washington Post, found here: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/07/10/christine-emba-masculinity-new-model/

[16]         This is like the fact that the feminine nature (womanhood) of a good and virtuous woman is a great good created and intended by God.  But the womanhood of a bad woman, full of vice, is very harmful to society.  A good and virtuous woman uses her God-given womanliness to be a helpmate and support to the husband she loves.  She is absorbed (i.e., is greatly immersed) in her great work of raising her children to be saints and good adults.  https://catholiccandle.org/2019/12/02/the-role-and-work-that-god-gave-to-woman/  The virtuous woman works hard to make the home she has made with her husband into a refuge and a haven of the good, the beautiful, and of happiness.

By contrast, bad women use their God-given womanhood to corrupt men by dressing immodestly, inviting them to lust, corrupting society, etc.  Also, whereas God intends a woman to help society by single-mindedly giving herself to the vocation to which God called her, instead a bad woman often harms society by using the single-minded dedication that God gave her to instead help a leftist cause and be a “foot soldier” for leftist protests and causes, or weaken the military by becoming a (literal) soldier, etc.  

So, what we need to do is to promote true Catholicism, holiness, and virtue among women so that their womanhood (which is a work of God) is used for the good and is not abused.

[17]         Quoted from this article: Men are lost. Here’s a map out of the wilderness, Washington Post, found here: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/07/10/christine-emba-masculinity-new-model/

[18]  Pope St. Pius X, Our Apostolic Mandate, 1901.

[19]         For an overview of the roles that God gave to women and men, read this article: https://catholiccandle.neocities.org/faith/the-role-that-god-gave-to-woman-and-the-great-work-of-her-life.html

The Duties and Role that God has given Men – Part 2

Catholic Candle note: The article below is part 2 of an analysis of the duties and role that God has given to men.  The first part of this article is here: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/09/26/the-duties-and-role-that-god-has-given-men/

This entire article is a “companion” article to these two articles:

  The one regarding men being more blamable than women or children for the ongoing destruction in civil society and in the human element of the Catholic Church.  That other article is entitled: The Crisis in Society is Caused by Unmanly Men, and can be found here: https://catholiccandle.org/2024/07/22/the-crisis-in-society-is-caused-by-unmanly-men/

  The article entitled: The False Principle of “Diversity and Inclusion”: https://catholiccandle.org/2022/01/05/the-false-principle-of-diversity-and-inclusion/


The Duties and Role that God has given Men – Part 2

Synopsis of the first part of this article:

In part 1, we saw that God made a hierarchy in everything.  That is, in all of reality one thing is ordered to another.

Manhood and Fatherhood are inextricably intertwined (like Womanhood and Motherhood).  Even for a man who is not called by God to be a father to children in his own family, he is still called to be a father in other ways, e.g., a priest, who is the spiritual father of a parish. 

God made man to lead and to be responsible for his family and, to one extent or another, also for civil society and for the human element of the Church.

Man’s responsibility to lead and govern comes with the obligation to lead sacrificially and for the good of those for whom God made him responsible.


Part 2

Man must Fulfill the Role for which God Created Him

We saw earlier that God’s order in creation is most perfect and that God made the most perfect possible universe.  Part of the perfection of this order is God creating men to have the authority and the responsibility of unselfishly protecting, guiding, and caring for those whom God put under their charge (their wives, children, and, perhaps, others).

Thus, we see that men are more to blame for the evil of the feminism that we see all around us.  Men are really the evil “fathers” of feminism and are more responsible for the feminist revolution than women are. 

Because man is the head of woman, it is principally man’s failure in his role and duty of manhood that gives rise to feminism.

Man’s failures of his responsibilities are of two types:

1.    He sometimes fails because he is irresponsible and lazy.  This results in him failing to be selfless and diligent in expending himself to rule, to guide, and to promote the welfare of those under his care – and to do his duty even when he does not feel like doing so. 

2.    A man sometimes fails because he is selfish and predatory.  This results in him abusing the authority that God gave him by using it for his own self-interest and advantage, instead of for the interests of those under his care.

We will look at each of these failures in turn.


Man’s Failure to do His Duty because He is Irresponsible or Lazy

A man is not only responsible for governing himself, but also for the proper order in the other members of his family (and of society to the extent part of it is under his care). 

A man commits this type of failure when he does not want to correct or guide someone who needs it and for whom he is responsible.  Although this failure can be a mortal sin, it is not as grave a sin as the second type of failure mentioned above (viz., using his authority to aggrandize himself).

Men are most to blame for disorder in their families and similarly are most to blame for disorder in society.  If we had more true men, then feminism would come to an end, and society would have more true women. 

A man who is not so evil as to promote the feminist revolution, is still to blame if he fails in his duty to diligently do his part to lead women and all of society to reject feminism (as well as other evils).  Part of a man’s duty is to govern and guide his own wife.  By failing to do this, he is derelict in his duties like a king who does not rule his kingdom because he wants to devote all his time to gambling, or the chase (e.g., foxes), or some other pastime. 

Here is how St. John Chrysostom taught this truth (preaching to the men of his congregation):

Govern your wife, and thus will the whole house be in harmony.  Hear what St. Paul says. ‘And if they [wives] would learn anything, let them ask their own husbands at home’ [1 Cor. 14:35].[1]

We see here that St. John Chrysostom is reminding men that they must govern their wives so that the home and family are orderly and harmonious. 

Of course, it is not only a man’s wife that he must guide but also anyone else for whom he is responsible – most commonly his children.  We see an example of this duty being breached in the first book of Kings, where God says concerning Heli:

I will judge his house for ever, for iniquity, because he knew that his sons did wickedly, and did not chastise them.

1 Kings, 3:13 (emphasis added).

Besides a man’s responsibility for his wife and children, he might have various responsibilities for leading society (or part of society) in some other way.  He must use his authority and carefully fulfill his responsibility in order for society to be orderly and harmonious.  This is why Pope St. Pius X admonished men that:

In our days more than ever, the greatest strength of evil men is the cowardice and weakness of those who are good.[2]

When men fail to fulfill their duties to their families or to society, – and most men are failing in our times – it causes chaos and strife in society.  So, it is plain that men are most to blame for the problems in society that we see all around us.


The Second Way a Man can Fail in His Duty to Care for those in his Charge is by being Selfish and Predatory.

In the Charles Dickens novel, Nicholas Nickleby, there is a memorable example of a man using his authority for his own selfish advantage.  This novel depicts an English country schoolmaster, Squeers, who uses his authority over his students for his own advantage, instead of selflessly seeking to benefit his students, as he should have.  Below, Schoolmaster Squeers explains to his new assistant schoolmaster, Nicholas Nickleby, how he “teaches” his students:

‘This is the first class in English spelling and philosophy, Nickleby,’ said Squeers, beckoning Nicholas to stand beside him.  ‘We’ll get up a Latin one, and hand that over to you.  Now, then, where’s the first boy?’

‘Please, sir, he’s cleaning the back-parlor window,’ said the temporary head of the philosophical class.

‘So he is, to be sure,’ rejoined Squeers.  ‘We go upon the practical mode of teaching, Nickleby; the regular education system. C-l-e-a-n, clean, verb active, to make bright, to scour.  W-i-n, win, d-e-r, der, winder, a casement.  When the boy knows this out of book, he goes and does it. It’s just the same principle as the use of the globes. Where’s the second boy?’

‘Please, sir, he’s weeding the garden,’ replied a small voice.

‘To be sure,’ said Squeers, by no means disconcerted.  ‘So he is.  B-o-t, bot, t-i-n, tin, bottin, n-e-y, ney, bottinney, noun substantive, a knowledge of plants.  When he has learned that bottinney means a knowledge of plants, he goes and knows ‘em. Thats our system, Nickleby: what do you think of it?’

‘It’s very useful one, at any rate,’ answered Nicholas.

‘I believe you,’ rejoined Squeers, not remarking the emphasis of his usher. ‘Third boy, what’s horse?’

A beast, sir,’ replied the boy.

‘So it is,’ said Squeers.

‘Ain’t it, Nickleby?’

‘I believe there is no doubt of that, sir,’ answered Nicholas.

‘Of course there isn’t,’ said Squeers.  ‘A horse is a quadruped, and quadruped’s Latin for beast, as everybody that’s gone through the grammar knows, or else where’s the use of having grammars at all?’

‘Where, indeed!’ said Nicholas abstractedly.

‘As you’re perfect in that,’ resumed Squeers, turning to the boy, ‘go and look after MY horse, and rub him down well, or I’ll rub you down.  The rest of the class go and draw water up, till somebody tells you to leave off, for it’s washing-day tomorrow, and they want the coppers filled.’[3]

This example, of course, is an appalling caricature of a man abusing his authority.  Squeers is in charge but his authority is for the good of his students, in order to teach them and to develop their minds.  Instead, he seeks only his own advantage and not their good.

This is like the importance of a judge using his authority for the sake of justice.  He might not render judgment in the way desired by those whose case is before him.  But he must not render judgment in a self-interested way (e.g., according to who pays him the largest bribes, or by inflicting harm on someone because of hatred rather than justice).

Similarly, God made a man to be in charge of his family (and, sometimes, in charge of others too).  But He gave this authority for the good of those he governs – not to be used selfishly.

So, the authority a man has over his family requires their obedience to his decisions.  This is why St. Paul commanded women:

Let women be subject to their husbands, as to the Lord.

Ephesians, 5:22

But a man must use his God-given authority for the good of those under his care.  St. Paul tells men how they must use their authority, namely sacrificially, for the good of their wives, not for their own selfish advantage:

Husbands, love your wives, as Christ also loved the church, and delivered Himself up for it.

Ephesians, 5:25 (emphasis added).

When a man uses his authority for his own selfish advantage, using the levers of his power and authority to aggrandize himself, this is an abuse. 

Although a man must govern for the good of those under his care, that does not necessarily mean exercising his authority according to their preferences.  So, e.g., if a school boy told his teacher that learning to read was too hard and begged to be allowed to play during reading class, the teacher would be required to exercise his authority to have the boy learn to read.


The Proper Order: Manly Men and Womanly Women

Right-thinking people of both sexes want men to be manly men and not act like women.[4]  Thus, the most perfect man – viz., Our Lord – is the manliest of men.  St. Gregory Nazianzen, Doctor of the Church, stated the truth of Our Lord’s Manhood:

There is in Him [i.e., Christ] nothing womanly, nothing unmanly.[5]

Men must be clear-thinking, strong of will, virtuous, and strong of body, to the best of their efforts.  When a man’s body fails him due to disease or age, he must continue in virtue, in the clarity of thought, in the strength of will (and body) to the best of his ability.  The manliest thing a man can do is control himself and this is his first responsibility at any age.

To take a parallel example, just as right-thinking persons of both sexes want men to be manly, so in the same way, all right-thinking citizens want policemen to have and to exercise their authority in a manly way.  Similarly, they want policemen to be strong of body and forceful (so they can do their duty to enforce the law). 

Of course, if that policeman unjustly takes a woman’s purse (for example), this is wrong whether that policeman took her purse by abusing his authority (e.g., by ordering her to give him her purse) or by abusing his strength to take her purse because he is stronger than she is. 

The problem is not that policemen are strong and have authority.  They must have strength and authority to do their job well!  The problem would be if they abuse that strength or authority.  Such abuse does not change the fact that policemen should have manly authority and strength.  But if they abuse these things, then they are bad, are unworthy of their position, and are deserving of punishment.

When policemen abuse their authority or strength, this shows they are poor-excuses for policemen, just like a man is a poor-excuse for a man (i.e., unmanly) if he is a bully. 


The Poisonous Lies That Leftists Call “Toxic Masculinity”

As we saw above, God made men to be manly.  This is obviously true since God made creation perfect and He made men to be men, not women.  But how does this fit with the leftists’ continual condemnation of so-called “toxic masculinity”?

Here is one modern dictionary which parrots the leftist position and defines “toxic masculinity” as follows:

A cultural concept of manliness that glorifies stoicism, strength, virility, and dominance, and that is socially maladaptive or harmful to mental health[6]

Similarly, the leftists say things like this:

Traditional masculinity – marked by stoicism, competitiveness, dominance, and aggression – is, on the whole, harmful.[7]

The leftists add things like this:

Achievement, eschewal of the appearance of weakness, and adventure, risk, and violence, … these standards are damaging to mental and physical health.[8]

But God made men to be like men because that is exactly how He wants them to be, viz., manly.  The leftists say that men should stop being men and should start being like women.  For example, leftists say things like this:

To the extent that any vision of “nontoxic” masculinity is proposed, it ends up sounding more like stereotypical femininity than anything else: Guys should learn to be more sensitive, quiet and socially apt ….[9]

But God intended that men have exactly the traits of a man.  God intends a man to be strong, clear-thinking, organized, sacrificial, goal-oriented, virtuous, and dedicated to using his manhood for the work God gave to him.  A man must use his manhood to serve God and to guide and to care for those that God put under his charge.

It is certainly not manly – but rather is selfish and disgusting – for man to use his manhood to “walk all over everyone else” for his own selfish interests and to grab from them whatever he desires.  God made a man stronger to protect those who are weaker, not to abuse his strength to take advantage of them. 

This is just like the example we gave above of the policeman.  He should be a man of authority and strength but should use these for the good of those over whom he has authority.

In fact, a man who uses his greater strength of mind and body as well as his authority, for his own self-interest – to selfishly grab pleasures and wealth without regard to truth, justice, purity, and to God’s law, is a poor excuse for a man, since he does not follow his reason, which directs him to live according to virtue and not according to sin. 

A man should live according to reason.  But to live for himself alone is greatly unreasonable.  Such a man’s life of sin is most disordered and shows that such a man is really a slave to his passions and is dominated by vice. 

So, the leftists fail to make the necessary (and obvious) distinction.  The traits of manhood are good, important, and are made by God (just as are the traits of womanhood).  But a man can use those traits well, as God intends, or he can abuse them to commit sin and to abuse those under his care.  This is like the fact that a hammer is good but can be abused, e.g., if it were used as a weapon in a robbery.

So, it is not virility, strength, or dominance themselves that are “toxic”, only the way that those traits are sometimes abused.  If men are not virile and strong in character, they are not fully men, after all.

Virtuous and manly men are society’s essential protectors, guides, and managers.  Human society needs traits like these for its very preservation.  By contrast, a bad and vicious man:

  uses his God-given protective abilities as an armed robber, a serial killer, etc.

  uses his God-given guiding ability to guide people toward his own selfish interests; and

 

  uses his God-given managing ability to direct persons or society to his selfish and demonic advantage.

So, what we need to do is promote true Catholicism, holiness, and virtue so that masculinity (which is a work of God) is used for the good.[10]  And plainly, man being the way God intends him to be, viz., a virtuous and manly man, is necessary for his happiness and his success in life.  This is the opposite of the leftist lie that man being this way would be “damaging to mental and physical health”.[11]

Even most men who consider themselves “Traditional Catholic” are weak because they are products of the society in which they live.  Most men nowadays are soft and habituated to a life of ease, pleasure, and comfort.

A Man’s Duty to Learn to Be Manly and to Teach His Sons to be Manly Men

If any man were to find himself unprepared for his role in life, he must diligently prepare himself by effort, training, and practice – better late than never!  This is analogous to the duty of a woman if she is not prepared for the role for which God created her.  She must diligently learn and prepare herself when she comes to understand her duty.

A crucial part of the man’s selfless duty towards his family is his obligation to raise his sons to be able to perform well this role for which God created them.  In the years before a boy or young man has entered into the vocation to which God will call him, he is being raised in a family in which he is “apprenticed” in the “school” of manliness, especially being trained by his father.


Men’s Duty to be Paternal and Gentlemanly

So, we see that God’s Plan answers all of society’s problems.  That is, the Catholic life (with every person fulfilling his God-given responsibilities) is the answer to all of society’s ills and so we should live this Catholic life fully!

In this, we see the “recipe” for happiness: fulfilling our duties of state according to God’s Plan – viz., men living and acting their traditional and natural role as men, in the way God made them.  And in a complementary way, women acting in their traditional and natural role as women, living the womanly life that God made them to live.

As our world gets more and more irrational and absurd (as well as more pagan and immoral), we see the answer to this crisis all around us is that our future is our past (viz., Catholic Tradition), as Pope St. Pius X used to remind us:

The true friends of the people are neither revolutionaries, nor innovators: they are traditionalists.[12]

But the devil apes this genuine Catholic solution causing the strife of his own counterfeit “solutions”.  For example:

  Instead of a man’s duty to selflessly care and govern his family, the devil promotes feminism and the “women’s equality” movement, in which women battle for their supposed “rights” and they declare they don’t need to be under the care of their husbands; and 

  Instead of an employer acting as a father to his employees, acting for their good, the devil promotes the false “solution” of employees battling for their supposed rights as directed by Marxist ideology. 

Because of Original Sin, men (and women) don’t always live up to their vocations and responsibilities.  But men should show respect for women and, more than that, they should honor women, cherish them, and be chivalrous.  God gave women into the care of their men.  This is the true, natural, and Catholic way of life.  

Men should show this chivalry in many ways, large and small, e.g., changing a flat tire for a woman motorist at the side of the road, opening a door for a woman (although she is capable of opening a door herself), giving her his seat on a crowded train, offering to help her carry her heavy packages, even when she is capable of lifting them herself, etc.

Men should be courteous to women, charitable, respectful, polite, attentive, considerate, patient, thoughtful, obliging, listening well, not failing to listen because they are formulating a new comment while a woman is talking.

God made men to compete with men.  God made women to be man’s helpmate, not his competitor.  That is one reason why the Catholic Church overcame paganism to instill into a man to be a gentleman and to be gallant toward women. 

Women and girls have their own role and dignity in God’s Plan.  God did not put them on earth merely for men’s selfishness (any more than men are on earth only for women’s selfishness).  Rather, God made women to collaborate with men in the work God intends them to accomplish, in the roles for which God created them in the family.[13]

Men should treat all women as images of Our Lady.

The weightiest lesson of all comes from the law to love our neighbors as ourselves, which St. Paul applies to women (wives) in particular:

Thus, ought husbands also to love their wives as their own bodies. Who loveth his wife, loveth himself, for no one ever hated one’s own flesh (Eph. 5:28-29).

The Catholic Church has ever been the leaven which fosters the dignity of women.  This is what the Catholic Church has to say in the context of the family:

Husbands, love your wives, as Christ also loved the Church, and delivered Himself up for it.

Ephesians 5:25. 

This means that, as Christ gave His Life for His Church, a husband should give/devote his life to his wife and to her true good.

Our Lord teaches us the generosity we should have for each other, and husbands for their wives: “Greater love than this no man hath, that a man lay down his life for his friends.”  St. John’s Gospel, 15:31.  Husbands should remember that their wives should be their best friends.

A man who loves much does not “count the cost” and he gladly sacrifices everything for his friend (especially his wife and children):

If a man should give all the substance of his house for love, he shall despise it as nothing.

Canticle of Canticles, 8:7.

We should take to heart also, as regards the women in our midst (and men, too), what our Holy Redeemer taught us:

As ye would that others should treat you, so do ye likewise to them.  …  So be compassionate as your Father also hath compassion.  Judge ye not, and ye shall not be judged.  Condemn ye not, and ye shall not be condemned.  Forgive ye, and ye shall be forgiven.  Give ye, and it shall be given unto you.  They shall give into your bosom good measure, pressed down and shaken together and overflowing.  For it shall be meted unto you again with the same measure wherewith ye have meted.

St. Luke’s Gospel, 12:31, 36-38.

 
Conclusion

God made man to be manly, to selflessly use his greater strength of mind and body for the good of those that God has placed under his care. 

Let men be manly and gentlemanly!



[1]           St. John Chrysostom, Doctor of the Church, Sermon #20 on Ephesians (emphasis added).

[2]           Locution of Pope St. Pius X, December 13, 1908 at the beatification decree of St. Joan of Arc.

[3]           Nicholas Nickleby, by Charles Dickens, found here: https://www.dickens-online.info/nicholas-nickleby-page59.html & https://www.dickens-online.info/nicholas-nickleby-page60.html (emphasis added).

[4]           This is like the fact that right-thinking people of both sexes want women to be feminine (womanly) and not act like men.  The most perfect woman – viz., Our Lady – is the most feminine or womanly of women and is the model of true womanhood for all women.

[5]           St. Gregory Nazianzen, Doctor of the Church, quoted from his sermon On the Holy Easter II, published in Sunday Sermons of the Great Fathers, translated by M.F. Toal, D.D., Henry Regnery Co., Chicago, © 1957, vol. 2, page 252 (emphasis added).

 


[7]           Quoted from this article: Men are lost. Here’s a map out of the wilderness, Washington Post, found here: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/07/10/christine-emba-masculinity-new-model/


[8]           Quoted from this article: Men are lost. Here’s a map out of the wilderness, Washington Post, found here: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/07/10/christine-emba-masculinity-new-model/


[9]           Quoted from this article: Men are lost. Here’s a map out of the wilderness, Washington Post, found here: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/07/10/christine-emba-masculinity-new-model/

[10]         This is like the fact that the feminine nature (womanhood) of a good and virtuous woman is a great good created and intended by God.  But the womanhood of a bad woman, full of vice, is very harmful to society.  A good and virtuous woman uses her God-given womanliness to be a helpmate and support to the husband she loves.  She is absorbed (i.e., is greatly immersed) in her great work of raising her children to be saints and good adults.  https://catholiccandle.org/2019/12/02/the-role-and-work-that-god-gave-to-woman/  The virtuous woman works hard to make the home she has made with her husband into a refuge and a haven of the good, the beautiful, and of happiness.

By contrast, bad women use their God-given womanhood to corrupt men by dressing immodestly, inviting them to lust, corrupting society, etc.  Also, whereas God intends a woman to help society by single-mindedly giving herself to the vocation to which God called her, instead a bad woman often harms society by using the single-minded dedication that God gave her to instead help a leftist cause and be a “foot soldier” for leftist protests and causes, or weaken the military by becoming a (literal) soldier, etc. 

So, what we need to do is to promote true Catholicism, holiness, and virtue among women so that their womanhood (which is a work of God) is used for the good and is not abused.

[11]         Quoted from this article: Men are lost. Here’s a map out of the wilderness, Washington Post, found here: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/07/10/christine-emba-masculinity-new-model/

[12]  Pope St. Pius X, Our Apostolic Mandate, 1901.

[13]         For an overview of the roles that God gave to women and men, read this article: https://catholiccandle.neocities.org/faith/the-role-that-god-gave-to-woman-and-the-great-work-of-her-life.html